Az apolipoprotein M és a szfingozin-1-foszfát tengely jelentősége az érelmeszesedés kialakulásának gátlásában = The role of apolipoprotein M and sphingosine 1-phosphate axis in the prevention of atherosclerosis

Absztrakt: Korábbi tanulmányok igazolták, hogy a plazma high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-szintje fordítottan arányos a szív- és érrendszeri betegségek kialakulásának kockázatával. Az utóbbi évtizedekben azonban nyilvánvalóvá vált, hogy a HDL szerkezete és működése kulcsfontosságú az érelmeszesedést gátló hatás kialakulásában. Az apolipoprotein M (ApoM) egy HDL-hez kötött plazmafehérje, mely befolyásolja a HDL metabolizmusát és számos, érelmeszesedést gátló hatással rendelkezik, például véd az oxidációval szemben és szabályozza a sejtek koleszterinleadását. A szfingozin-1-foszfát (S1P) egy hatékony szfingolipidközvetítő molekula, mely a sejtek különböző funkcióit szabályozza, beleértve a sejtek differenciációját és migrációját, a programozott sejthalált és az érfali gyulladást. Az S1P főként az ApoM-et tartalmazó HDL-részecskékhez kötötten kering. Mindezek alapján a HDL ApoM- és S1P-tartalma kihat az érelmeszesedés folyamatára. Ráadásul a HDL ApoM- és S1P-tartalma módosulhat különböző kórállapotokban, például ischaemiás szívbetegség fennállása esetén. Ez az összefoglaló áttekinti a jelenleg rendelkezésre álló adatokat az ApoM és az S1P HDL-funkcióban betöltött szerepéről egészségesekben és cardiovascularis betegség fennállása esetén. Orv Hetil. 2018; 159(5): 168–175. | Abstract: Previous studies showed that plasma levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol are inversely related to risk of cardiovascular diseases. However, in the last few decades it became obvious that beyond its plasma level, HDL structure and function have a critical role in its anti-atherogenic efficacy. Apolipoprotein M (ApoM) is an HDL-associated plasma protein affecting HDL metabolism and exhibits various anti-atherosclerotic functions, such as protection against oxidation and regulation of cholesterol efflux. Sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) is a potent sphingolipid mediator that regulates numerous cellular responses including cell differentiation and migration, apoptosis and vascular inflammation. The majority of S1P is associated to ApoM containing HDL particles. Therefore, ApoM and S1P content of HDL have an impact on the atherosclerotic process. Moreover, HDL-ApoM and S1P content can be altered in several pathologic conditions such as coronary artery disease. This review covers the currently available data on the contribution of ApoM and S1P to HDL function in health and cardiovascular diseases. Orv Hetil. 2018; 159(5): 168–175

Histological and antimicrobial study of Ononis arvensis L.

In this study field restharrow (Ononis arvensis) was investigated for histological and antimicrobial features. The aerial part and the root were embedded in synthetic resin and investigated following sectioning by a rotation microtome. The antimicrobial activity and minimum inhibitory concentration of the solvent fractions of the aerial part were studied against four bacterial strains and one fungus. According to histology, the root covered by rhizodermis contains contiguous vascular elements, which are surrounded by sclerenchyma cells. The epidermis cells are anisodiametric in the stem, sepal, and petal. The bundles of the stem form a Ricinus type thickening. The adaxial side of the heterogeneous leaf is covered by unbranching non-glandular and capitate glandular trichomes. The stipule, petiole, sepals and petals are isolateral having mesomorphic stomata. Pollen grains are tricolpate. The different extracts of the herb showed antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella Typhimurium, Staphylococcus aureus, and Candida albicans. Data show that the extracts of the leaf contain compounds which may be responsible for the antifungal effect, while extracts obtained from display against the tested bacteria, except Escherichia coli. Further studies are required to complete the phytochemical analysis and identify the antimicrobial compounds of extracts

In Situ Hybridization of PRRSV-1 Combined with Digital Image Analysis in Lung Tissues of Pigs Challenged with PRRSV-1

Betaarterivirus suid 1 and 2 are the causative agents of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS), which is one of the most significant diseases of the swine industry, causing significant economic losses in the main pig producing countries. Here, we report the development of a novel, RNA-based in situ hybridization technique (RNAscope) to detect PRRS virus (PRRSV) RNA in lung tissues of experimentally infected animals. The technique was applied to lung tissues of 20 piglets, which had been inoculated with a wild-type, highly pathogenic PRRSV-1 strain. To determine the RNAscope’s applicability as a semi-quantitative method, we analysed the association between the proportion of the virus-infected cells measured with an image analysis software (QuPath) and the outcome of the real-time quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) tests performed in parallel. The results of the quantitative approach of these two molecular biological methods show significant association (pseudo R2 = 0.3894, p = 0.004). This is the first time RNAscope assay has been implemented for the detection of PRRSV-1 in experimental animals

Feline Leukemia Virus (FeLV) - Literature review

SUMMARY Background: Continuing the series on the most important feline pathogens in the Retroviridae family, the authors describe the aetiology, epidemiology, pathomechanism, clinical findings, diagnostics, therapy and prevention of Feline leukemia virus (FeLV). Aetiology, epidemiology: Feline leukemia virus is a virus in the Gammaretrovirus genus, Orthoretrovirinae subfamily, Retroviridae family. It is a worldwide spread pathogen, formerly causing one-third of deaths of domestic cats. Nowadays due to successful screening attempts and vaccination, prevalence of FeLV has decreased to 1–8%, however, it can be significantly higher among free-roam cats. Transmission requires close contact, generally occurring via fighting, biting and social contact, but also vertical transmission from queen to kittens is possible in utero or with milk. Patomechanism: FeLV first replicates in regional lymphoid tissues after infection, then it is causing viraemia if the cat is immunocompetent. Beside the importance of cat’s immunostatus and age, severity of infection depends on the pathogenicity and titre of virus. Forms of disease can be progressive, regressive, abortive and atypical. Clinical findings: As it was discussed in the case of Feline immunodeficiency virus, main clinical findings are general, not informative, usually during the viraemic phase: lethargy, anorexia, fever and malaise. However, in case of FeLV, haematopoietic disorders, neoplasia are strongly connected to the progressive disease, thus anaemia (90% non-regenerative), leukemia, lymphoma are frequently seen. Secondary infections also can happen due to immunosuppression, and rarely neuropathy, reproductive disorders are diagnosed. Diagnostics: Different approaches are available for the diagnostic. The most commons are ELISA-type tests and PCR methods (mostly used for confirmatory testing or research intents). Treatment: As in the case of FIV, we are not able to eliminate the pathogen from the body, only to alleviate the symptoms and treat secondary diseases. Prevention: There is a commercially available recombinant vaccine, which is highly effective, and had an enormous role in the eradication of the virus from cat populations

Viral enteritis in certain galliformes - Literature review and own investigations in pheasants

SUMMARY Background: The efficient utilization of nutrients depends on a healthy GI tract, therefore in food animals, the integrity of the GI tract is of paramount importance. This is especially true for the young of the species. Damage to the GI tract early in life could result in irreversible damage to the flock.Objectives: The authors overview the viral enteritis of young chickens and turkeys and they report macroscopic, microscopic, bacteriological and PCR results in nine cases of acute enteritis in Hungarian pheasant farms.Materials and Methods: The pheasants were necropsied for post-mortem examinations. Appropriate tissue samples from the affected organs were fixed in 8% neutral-buffered formalin for 24 hours at room temperature, embedded in paraffin wax; and 3-4μm tissue sections were stained with haematoxylin and eosin for light microscopy examinations. Further samples were collected from the intestines for PCR assays to detect nucleic acid of enteral viruses. These samples were stored at -80 °C until completion of the assays. Samples were tested for rotavirus, reovirus, parvovirus, turkey astrovirus, and avian nephritis virus. For routine bacteriological examinations, small intestine content samples were aseptically collected and incubated for 24 hours at 37 °C under aerobic con-ditions on Columbia blood agar and Drigalski lactose agar.Results and Discussion:Of the nine pheasant flocks tested, four were nega-tive for PCR. Presumably, the overgrowth of Escherichia coli has caused disease and death in these flocks, due to poor hygiene conditions. Three of the other five flocks were detected with turkey astrovirus (TAstV), one with rotavirus, and one with avian nephritis virus. The macroscopic and microscopic findings were similar to those found in young galliform poultry species. Based on the results, the authors think that in addition to farm hygiene, various viruses play an important role in the enteritis of young pheasants. For uncomplicated viral enteritis, vitamins and probiotics may be recommended instead of antibiotic therapy

High Prevalence of Porcine Circovirus 3 in Hungarian Pig Herds: Results of a Systematic Sampling Protocol

Porcine circovirus type 3 (PCV3) is an emerging pathogen that has been reported worldwide in all ages of healthy and clinically ill pigs. The presence of this virus in Hungary has been confirmed in a commercial farm experiencing reproductive failures, but there were no data on the circulation of PCV3 in the country. Here we report the prevalence and the genetic diversity of PCV3 in Hungarian herds. To estimate the prevalence, 1855 serum samples, 176 oral fluid and 97 processing fluid samples were collected in a systematic, cross-sectional method from 20 large scale swineherds and tested by real-time qPCR. PCV3 was present in at least one type of diagnostic matrix in 19 out of the 20 (95%) pig farms. The highest detection rates were observed in the processing fluid samples (61%), but 41% of the oral fluid and 23% of the serum samples were positive. The virus was found in all age groups, and slightly more adult animals were infected than growing pigs, but the viral burden was lower amongst them. Phylogenetic analysis of nine complete genomes, obtained from either the sampled herds or organ samples of PCV3-positive carcasses, showed high nucleotide identity between the detected sequences, which all belonged to the PCV3a genotype. Our results indicate that PCV3 is widespread in Hungary, but in most cases, the virus seems to circulate subclinically, infecting all age groups and production phases without the presence of apparent clinical disease

Az apolipoprotein M és a szfingozin-1-foszfát tengely jelentősége az érelmeszesedés kialakulásának gátlásában

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Prevalence of feline leukaemia virus and feline immunodeficiency virus in domestic cats in Ireland

Feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) and feline leukaemia virus (FeLV) are retroviruses affecting felid species worldwide. A study was performed over a period of 5 months in Ireland with the aim to get an updated and more realistic prevalence of these retroviruses. A total of 183 EDTA-anticoagulated whole-blood samples were collected from cats distributed between 10 clinics. The samples were tested using both point-of-care enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Basic clinical data and vaccination history were also recorded for the sampled cats. The results of ELISA tests showed a prevalence of 10.4 and 3.3% for FIV and FeLV, respectively, and an apparent prevalence of 9.3% for FIV and 11.6% for FeLV with PCR. Phylogenetic analysis of the partial polymerase (pol) gene sequences obtained from 8 FIV-positive strains showed that all but one of the Irish strains belonged to FIV subtype A, and one to subtype B. The overall mean genetic similarity between the analysed strains was 91.15%