A Study of the Phytochemical Properties and Synergistic Action of Leaf Extracts of Dodonea Viscosa Linn, Annona Comosus (Linn) Merr Peel and Citrus Senensis Peel on Aeromonas hydrophila and Salmonella Species

The leaf of Dodonea viscosa Linn, peels of Annona comosus (Linn) Merr and Citrus senensis are widely used traditional remedies against various ailments, such as digestive system disorders like: indigestion, ulcers, diarrhoea, constipation, upset stomach and tonic to digestive system. The major chemical constituents reported from the plant parts are alkaloids, flavoniods, saponins, tannins, steroids, triterpenoids and phytosterols which show that these plant parts can be a potential candidate to be use as a therapeutic agent. The aim of the study was to determine the synergism at a concentration ratio of 1:1 between the three extracts using discs diffusion, broth tube dilution and fractional inhibitory concentration techniques against six Salmonella paratyphi B, one Salmonella typhi and three A. hydrophila. In vitro anti-salmonellae and A. hydrophila activities of the extracts were confirmed and no synergism was demonstrated (P = 0.05). Keywords: Bioactivity, phytochemicals, synergism, Dodonea viscosa, Annona comosus, Citrus senensis, MIC, MBC, FIC

Uji Ketinggian Dan Tipe Perangkap Untuk Mengendalikan Penggerek Buah Kopi (Hypothenemus Hampei Ferr.) (Coleoptera : Scolytidae) Di Desa Pearung Kabupaten Humbang Hasundutan

This research aims to know the efective height and type of trap which is most attack H. hampei in the field. The research was held at Pearung village, Sub-district Paranginan, District Humbang Hasundutan, North Sumatera from September until October 2014. The method used Randomized Block Design with two factors and three replications. The first factor was height of trap (1.0 ; 1.2 ; 1.4 ; 1.6 and 1.8 m) and the second factor was the type of trap (single funnel trap, multiple funnel trap, and mineral bottle). The results showed that the best trap was 1.2 m + multiple funnel trap, and the highest symptom percentage was 1.0 m + single funnel trap

Assessing Aflatoxin M1 levels among lactating mothers’ in Damaturu Yobe state, Nigeria

Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) is a biomarker of aflatoxin B1 exposure in breast milk, a possible risk factor for infant early exposure to Aflatoxin. Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is a carcinogenic metabolite from Aspergillus fungus ingested from diet. One hundred (100) lactating mothers were sampled in General Sani Abacha Specialist Hospital Damaturu with infant’s in-patient wards. Samples of breast milk and urine were collected aseptically and transported to the laboratory for analysis. Structured questionnaire was used to identify the possible food consumed within 72hrs to suggest possible source of aflatoxin exposure. Qualitative and quantitative analyses of breast milk samples were carried out by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The occurrence of AFM1 showed 82% of the breast milk samples were positive to Aflatoxin M1. The occurrence of 93% of AFM1 excreted in their urine shows exposure to the toxin for a short time period. AFM1 excreted in urine of lactating mothers within 72hrs of acclaimed food consumption, showed 97.1% of mothers that took milk were exposed, meat: 100% , corn meal: 93.4% , also, date: 93%, ‘Brabisko/ Biski’: 30.6%, imported rice :77.7%, native rice: 93.4% occurrence taken( p< 0.05). Concentration of AFM1 among lactating mothers’ breast milk in relation to socio-demographic factors expressed the highest concentration among unemployed and age bracket 18-25 and 34-41 with 0.07µg/L which could be that the employed mothers were more careful with quality of food they consumed while the unemployed mothers may concentrate on the quantity of food they took. In the case of excretion in urine, 0.05µg/L AFM1 was detected among unemployed study participants with lower concentration among the age of 42 and above having 0.04 µg/L. The concentrations of AFM1 in all the breast milk samples were higher than the acceptable tolerance level of 0.05 µg/L as recommended by the Codex Alimentarius. This is a serious indication that lactating mothers ingest aflatoxin contaminated food which may be public health concern.Keywords: Aflatoxin, Limit, Contamination, Biski, Chromatography

Rancang Bangun Aplikasi Dekstop Untuk Pengelolaan Taman Pendidikan Al-qur'an

Taman Pendidikan Al-Qur'an (TPQ) as one of the community-based education requires an effective system and professional in administration and management. Problems that are found relating to the management of TPQ is still manual data management. This paper aims to provide a solution to manage the data that still manual can be completed quickly through a computer application program. The results of the design and implementation of the program is a computer application system that can be operated easily, can be used to manage the data of students, teachers and assets effectively in terms of time and operation, without error or bug, and can present a report of students, assets and financial flows quickly

Pengaruh Kedelai (Glycine Max (L) Merril) Terhadap Kadar Glukosa Darah Dan Ekspresi Insulin Sel B Pankreas Pada Tikus Diabetik

Kedelai (Glycine max (L) Merril) telah digunakan di negara-negara Asia selama berabad-abad sebagai sumber protein yang utama dari tanaman. Kedelai mengandung isoflavon genistein, dadzein dan glycitein yang mempunyai aktivitas antioksidan. Ada dugaan isoflavone kedelai mempunyai aktivitas hipoglikemik dan dapat meningkatkan ekspresi insulin sel B pankreas. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui apakah Kedelai (Glycine max (L) Merril) menurunkan kadar glukosa darah, dan meningkatkan ekspresi insulin pulau Langerhans pada tikus yang diinduksi alloxan. Sejumlah 36 ekor tikus Wistar jantan dibagi menjadi 6 kelompok (3 kelompok perlakuan dan 3 kelompok kontrol). Alloxan disuntikkan secara intraperitoneal dengan dosis 150 mg/kg BB untuk menginduksi tikus menjadi diabetes pada grup perlakuan dan grup kontrol diabetes. Bubur kedelai (100, 200 dan 500 mg/kg BB/hari) diberikan personde pada grup perlakuan selama 4 minggu. Glukosa darah puasa diperiksa dari sampel darah yang diambil dari vena retroorbita sebelum perlakuan, 2 minggu dan 4 minggu setelah perlakuan, dan diukur dengan metode GOD-PAP. Pada hari ke 29 setelah perlakuan tikus didekapitasi dan jaringan pankreas diambil. Terhadap irisan paraffin pankreas dilakukan pewarnaan imunohistokimia menggunakan antibodi anti-insulin. Penilaian kualitatif ekspresi insulin dilihat dengan adanya warna coklat yang timbul pada pulau Langerhans. Data yang dianalisis dengan uji Anova nilai p < 0,05 menunjukkan perbedaan yang signifikan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan kadar glukosa darah puasa pada kelompok perlakuan 500 mg/kgBB/hari mengalami penurunan mencapai kadar normal (100,38 mg/dl). Ekspresi insulin pada pulau Langerhans juga memperlihatkan peningkatan pada kelompok tikus DM dengan perlakuan. Sebagai kesimpulan penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa kedelai mempunyai aktivitas hipoglikemik dan meningkatkan ekspresi insulin. Peningkatan ekspresi insulin tersebut diduga disebabkan oleh adanya antioksidan yang berfungsi untuk melindungi sel ? pankreas dari apoptosis

Prevalence of malaria parasites among blood donors in Kaduna, Nigeria

Background: Transmission of malaria parasites through blood transfusion is a well-known serious risk. Screening of blood donors for malaria as recommended by WHO is currently not included in the protocols of many Nigerian blood banks. Presence of asymptomatic Plasmodium species carriers (APCs) in some northern parts of the state has already been demonstrated using rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) and microscopic examination of Giemsa stained blood films. This research was undertaken to determine the prevalence of malaria parasites among blood donors in Kaduna state, Nigeria.Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted among the blood donors in the three selected Hospitals of Kaduna state. A well-structured questionnaire was used to collect the data regarding demographic profile. Written informed consent was obtained and questionnaire was completed by respondents selected through simple random sampling. 360 blood donors were tested for malaria parasites through microscopic examination of Giemsa stained thick and thin blood films. The data were analysed using Statistical analysis system (SAS) and statistical software for social sciences (SPSS) version 20.Results: A total of 27 (7.5%) of the blood donors had malaria parasites in their blood. Plasmodium falciparum was the only malaria parasite species encountered. There were no mixed infections and no other blood parasites were observed. The prevalence of malaria parasites in the blood donors was significantly associated with occupation (c2=24.0845, df=6, p= 0.0005) and blood group (c2=10.589, df=4, p= O.032). The infected subjects had parasites densities of between 88-250 parasites/µl with a mean parasite density of 126 parasites/µl of blood.Conclusions: The prevalence of malaria parasites among blood donors was 7.5% Blood donors should be routinely screened for malaria parasites and the blood marked negative or positive as the case may be. Recipients of malaria parasites positive blood should be given prophylactic treatment to prevent transfusion related malaria (TRM).

Perbandingan Pengukuran Konsentrasi Partikulat di Udara Ambien Menggunakan Alat High Volume Air Sampler dan Gent Stacked Filter Unit Sampler

Pengambilan contoh uji partikulat di udara ambien dapat dilakukan dengan menggunakan peralatan yang berbeda yaitu High Volume Air Sampler (HVAS) dan Gent Stacked Filter Unit Sampler. Untuk mengetahui hasil dari kedua metode sampling tersebut, Pusarpedal melakukan pengambilan contoh uji menggunakan kedua alat tersebut dan mengukur parameter logam berat timbal (Pb) sesuai yang tercantum di dalam Lampiran Peraturan Pemerintah No. 41 Tahun 1999 tentang Pengendalian Pencemaran Udara. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendapatkan rasio atau perbandingan konsentrasi Pb yang didapat dari alat HVAS dan Gent stacked filter unit sampler. Contoh uji Total Suspended Particulate (TSP) yang didapat dari alat HVAS merupakan partikel yang berada pada ukuran 0-100μm, dan analisis kandungan logam timbal (Pb) dalam sampel ini dilakukan menggunakan Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (AAS). Sedangkan pada alat Gent Stacked Filter Unit Sampler ukuran partikel yang diperoleh adalah dua jenis partikel yang berukuran 0-2,5μm atau PM2.5 dan ukuran partikel 2,5-10μm atau PM2.5-10. Analisis Pb pada sampel ini dilakukan menggunakan Particle Induced X-ray Emission (PIXE). Hasil pengukuran yang dilakukan pada rentang waktu 25 Agustus sampai 25 September 2008 menunjukkan konsentrasi Pb pada PM2,5-10 memiliki korelasi yang cukup kuat atau mempunyai pola kecenderungan yang sama terhadap konsentrasi Pb di TSP dengan nilai R2 sekitar 0,7

New proaporphines from the bark of Phoebe scortechinii

The phytochemical study of the bark of Malaysian Phoebe scortechinii (Lauraceae) has resulted in the isolation and identification of two new proaporphine alkaloids; (+)-scortechiniine A (1) and (+)-scortechiniine B (2) together with two known proaporphines; (−)-hexahydromecambrine A (3), (−)-norhexahydromecambrine A (4), and one aporphine; norboldine (5). Structural elucidations of these alkaloids were performed using spectroscopic methods especially 1D and 2D 1H and 13C NMR

Awareness and knowledge of mother-to-child transmission of HIV among mothers attending the pediatric HIV clinic, Kano, Nigeria

Background: Nigeria accounts for about 10% of all HIV/AIDS cases in the world. Globally women constitute 48% of adults infected with HIV; in Nigeria, they constitute 57%. There is an increase in the number of children infected with HIV in recent years as the number of HIV-positive women has increased. However, more than 90% of HIV infections in children aged less than 15 years are due to mother-to-child transmission of HIV. Objective: To evaluate the awareness and knowledge of mother-to-child transmission of HIV, HIV/AIDS and the methods to prevent mother-to-child transmission of HIV. Methods: This is a descriptive study. The study was carried out at the pediatric HIV clinic of Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital from 1 st July 2006 to 30 th December 2006. Mothers included in the study were mothers in first contact with HIV facilities, which was at our center, before any form of counseling. The instrument used was a questionnaire designed to assess awareness of the mothers about HIV/AIDS, evaluate their knowledge of possible routes of transmission and measures to prevent vertical transmission. The questionnaire was then pre-tested for comprehensibility, appropriateness of language, sensitivity of questions and average duration of administration. Results: A total of 164 mothers brought their children for treatment to the pediatric HIV clinic. The level of awareness about HIV/AIDS among mothers was very high (100%), and the main sources of information were radio (48.8%) and television (37.8%). Ninety-one percent of mothers were aware of mother-to-child transmission of HIV. Transplacental route (41%) was the commonly identified route of transmission. The level of knowledge and perceptions of mother-to-child transmission of HIV is inadequate. Conclusion: There is a need to scale up education about mother-to-child transmission of HIV in our health facilities