Il mercato degli onori: i titoli di don nella Sicilia spagnola

L\u2019articolo, a partire dalla documentazione conservata presso l\u2019Archivo de Simancas (Consejo de Italia, secretar\ueda de Sicilia), ricostruisce il numero e il meccanismo delle concessioni del titolo di don nella Sicilia degli Asburgo (1556-1700), nonch\ue9 la condizione socio-professionale dei suoi beneficiari e acquirenti (funzionari della corona spagnola, ufficiali locali, militari ed ecclesiastici, professionisti, vedove). Il titolo veniva generalmente richiesto da uno dei tanti postulanti che gravitavano intorno alla corte di Madrid, non per usufruirne in prima persona, quanto piuttosto \uabpara beneficiar\ubb, ovvero per poterlo vendere a una terza persona, residente in Sicilia, e con il denaro ricavato far fronte a una propria necessit\ue0 finanziaria. Il contesto in cui si inserisce questo \u201cscambio\u201d tra Spagna e Sicilia, \ue8 quello della nota \u201cinflazione degli onori\u201d che caratterizz\uf2 la societ\ue0 europea di antico regime, in particolar modo durante il XVII secolo, come effetto di un uso sempre pi\uf9 clientelare del patronage regio, monopolizzato dai ministri favoriti (i validos spagnoli), e delle necessit\ue0 finanziarie di monarchie perennemente in guerra. Tutto ci\uf2 diede un forte impulso al \u201cmercato della nobilt\ue0\u201d in tutti i suoi segmenti, dai titoli feudali pi\uf9 prestigiosi a quello quasi insignificante di \u201cdon\u201d, che pur non potendosi a rigore considerare nobiliare ma solo onorifico, fu per molti siciliani il trampolino di lancio verso riconoscimenti pi\uf9 prestigiosi, o almeno una forma, seppur minima, di distinzione sociale per chi a un titolo nobiliare non avrebbe mai potuto aspirare

Studi storici dedicati a Orazio Cancila

Non accade sempre, e non è neppure necessario, che le raccolte di studi in onore di personalità del mondo degli studi trattino temi relativi o affini a quelli coltivati dalla personalità celebrata. Se, però, accade, si può certamente parlare di una felice circostanza o coincidenza, ma può accadere anche che tale circostanza o coincidenza sia significativa di qualcosa d’altro. E, ad esempio, può essere significativa del fatto che la personalità destinataria della raccolta si è posta o si è trovata al centro di sviluppi della storiografia contemporanea importanti anche perché rispondono a interessi diffusi negli studi e nella cultura del suo tempo. Della raccolta di studi per Orazio Cancila si può dire – credo – che ci si trova senz’altro in quest’ultimo caso, e, ciò, anche quando la formulazione letterale dei temi dei singoli contributi alla raccolta non sembra autorizzare una tale constatazione. ... È un bel panorama, ed è singolarmente conforme alla serie degli ampii e varii interessi storici di Cancila. (Dall'introduzione di Giuseppe Galasso

Élite senza frontiere dentro e fuori la Monarchia spagnola

La storiografia europea sulla Monarchia spagnola, indipendentemente dai complessivi quadri interpretativi ("composite monarchy", "sistema imperiale", "monarquía católica"), va esplorando negli ultimi anni la permeabilità dei suoi spazi, aperti alla circolazione di individui e gruppi al servizio degli Asburgo. Tale mobilità tra le discontinue (non solo geograficamente) frontiere di reinos e province spagnole (America compresa) ha riguardato in particolare quelle élite che, forti del sostegno di reti familiari e clientelari di potere, hanno più di altre contribuito alla costruzione e al funzionamento della Monarchia iberica "sub specie imperii". Lo spettro dei protagonisti e degli spazi della loro mobilità all’interno della "Monarquía" è assai ampio: esponenti di famiglie “organiche” alle élite urbane iberiche, da quelle andaluse – operanti in città strategiche dal punto di vista politico o economico (Cadice, Granada) o in centri minori (Baza) – a quelle galiziane, e funzionari al servizio degli Asburgo in delicati contesti politico-diplomatici come la Curia romana (ambasciatori e agenti), la corte imperiale (vicecancellieri) e il Ducato di Milano (militari)

The Impact of Repeated Abutment Changes on Peri-implant Tissue Stability: Five-year Post-loading Results From a Multicentre Randomised Controlled Trial

PURPOSE. To evaluate the impact of at least three abutment disconnections on hard and soft tissues around conventionally loaded implants versus definitive immediately non-oc-clusally loaded abutments in implants. A secondary aim was to evaluate whether the presence of less than 2 mm of keratinised mucosa is associated with increased soft tissue recession and/or peri-implant marginal bone loss. MATERIALS AND METHODS. Eighty patients requiring one single crown or one fixed partial prosthesis supported by a maximum of three implants were randomised, after implant placement at greater than 35 Ncm, according to a parallel-group design to receive either definitive immediately loaded abutments (definitive abutment or immediate loading group) or transmucosal abutments which were loaded after a delay of 3 months and removed at least three times. Patients were treated in four centres, and each patient contributed to the study with only one prosthesis, which was followed up for 5 years after initial loading. Outcome measures were: prosthesis failures, implant failures, complica-tions, pink aesthetic score (PES), buccal recessions, patient satisfaction, peri-implant marginal bone-level changes and height of the keratinised mucosa. RESULTS. Forty patients were randomly allocated to each group according to a paral-lel-group design. Seven patients from the definitive abutment group versus six from the repeated disconnection group dropped out or died. No patient from the definitive group had implant failures versus three patients who lost five implants in the repeated disconnection group (difference = 9.1%; CI95%:-0.7% to 18.9% to; P = 0.227). Nine patients from the repeated disconnection group lost or had to have their prosthesis remade (four provisional and five definitive prostheses) versus one provisional prosthesis failure in the definitive abutment group; this difference was statistically significant (difference = 23.5%; CI95%: 7.6% to 39.4%; P = 0.017), but was due to the erroneous use of non-indexed abutments in indexed implants in patients from the repeated disconnection group alone. Seven patients from the definitive abutment group versus nine patients from the repeated disconnection group were affected by complications (difference =-5.9%; CI95%:-26.0% to 14.2%; P = 0.775), the difference being not statistically significant. PES scores assessed at 5 years post-loading were 12.1±1.8 for the definitive abutment group and 11.9±1.7 for the repeated abutment changes group (difference = 0.2; CI95%:-0.7 to 1.1; P = 0.615); however, there was a statistically significant difference of 0.20 out of a maximum score of 2 in favour of the definitive abutment group for soft tissue contour alone (P = 0.045). Buccal recessions at 5 years post-loading amounted to-0.19±0.77 mm for the definitive abutment group and-0.07±1.24 mm for the repeated abutment changes group (difference = 0.12 mm CI95%:-0.42 to 0.66; P = 0.662). All patients declared being very satisfied or sati-sfied with the function and aesthetics of their prosthesis and would undergo the same procedure again. Mean peri-implant marginal bone loss 5 years after loading was 0.11±0.30 mm for the definitive abutment group and 0.48±0.73 mm for the repeated abutment change group (difference =-0.37 [SE=0.14] mm; CI95%:-0.66 to-0.09; P = 0.012), the difference being statistically significant. The height of keratinised mucosa at 5 years post-loading was 2.81±1.46 mm in the definitive abutment group and 2.83±1.84 mm in the repeated abutment change group (difference =-0.02 mm; CI95%:-0.85 to 0.80; P = 0.956), and there were no significant differences in marginal bone loss (difference = 0.00 mm; CI95%:-0.32 to 0.32, P = 0.990) or buccal recession (difference = 0.05 mm, CI95%:-0.43 to 0.54, P = 0.826) at implants having less than 2 mm of keratinised mucosa at loading compared to those having more than 2 mm of keratinised mucosa. CONCLUSIONS. Five-year post-loading data show that at least three repeated abutment disconnections significantly increased bone loss by 0.37 mm when compared to no di-sconnection, but this difference may not be clinically significant. While it might be advi-sable to avoid unnecessary abutment disconnection whenever possible, if disconnections are required, no clinically significant side effects may be expected. Immediately non-oc-clusally loaded dental implants are a viable alternative to conventional loading, and no increased bone loss or buccal recessions were noted even at implants with less than 2 mm of keratinised mucosa

Risk of hospitalization for heart failure in patients with type 2 diabetes newly treated with DPP-4 inhibitors or other oral glucose-lowering medications: A retrospective registry study on 127,555 patients from the Nationwide OsMed Health-DB Database

Aims Oral glucose-lowering medications are associated with excess risk of heart failure (HF). Given the absence of comparative data among drug classes, we performed a retrospective study in 32 Health Services of 16 Italian regions accounting for a population of 18 million individuals, to assess the association between HF risk and use of sulphonylureas, DPP-4i, and glitazones. Methods and results We extracted data on patients with type 2 diabetes who initiated treatment with DPP-4i, thiazolidinediones, or sulphonylureas alone or in combination with metformin during an accrual time of 2 years. The endpoint was hospitalization for HF (HHF) occurring after the first 6 months of therapy, and the observation was extended for up to 4 years. A total of 127 555 patients were included, of whom 14.3% were on DPP-4i, 72.5% on sulphonylurea, 13.2% on thiazolidinediones, with average 70.7% being on metformin as combination therapy. Patients in the three groups differed significantly for baseline characteristics: age, sex, Charlson index, concurrent medications, and previous cardiovascular events. During an average 2.6-year follow-up, after adjusting for measured confounders, use of DPP-4i was associated with a reduced risk of HHF compared with sulphonylureas [hazard ratio (HR) 0.78; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.62-0.97; P = 0.026]. After propensity matching, the analysis was restricted to 39 465 patients, and the use of DPP-4i was still associated with a lower risk of HHF (HR 0.70; 95% CI 0.52-0.94; P = 0.018). Conclusion In a very large observational study, the use of DPP-4i was associated with a reduced risk of HHF when compared with sulphonylureas

BAG3 promotes pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma growth by activating stromal macrophages

The incidence and death rate of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) have increased in recent years, therefore the identification of novel targets for treatment is extremely important. Interactions between cancer and stromal cells are critically involved in tumour formation and development of metastasis. Here we report that PDAC cells secrete BAG3, which binds and activates macrophages, inducing their activation and the secretion of PDAC supporting factors. We also identify IFITM-2 as a BAG3 receptor and show that it signals through PI3K and the p38 MAPK pathways. Finally, we show that the use of an anti-BAG3 antibody results in reduced tumour growth and prevents metastasis formation in three different mouse models. In conclusion, we identify a paracrine loop involved in PDAC growth and metastatic spreading, and show that an anti-BAG3 antibody has therapeutic potential

Marcella Campanelli, "Geografia conventuale in Italia nel XVII secolo. Soppressioni e reintegrazioni innocenziane", prefazione di Giuseppe Galasso, Edizioni di Storia e Letteratura, Roma, 2016, pp. XVI, 360

Questo volume di Marcella Campanelli prosegue il pluriennale impegno di ricerca della studiosa sul clero regolare della prima et\ue0 moderna, aggiungendo nuove e interessanti prospettive

«Aunque no nací en España, en ella me crié que es lo más». Un futuro cardenal genovés en Salamanca: Giannettino Doria (1586-92)

Young noble scions coming from the vast geography of the Spanish Empire coincided within what have been identified as the “Lecture Halls of the Catholic Monarchy”, that is the buildings of the University of Salamanca. Among these nobles, generous and (Church) dignitaries, between 1546 and 1668 Italians amounted to a half hundred students. This paper aims to present the case of the Genoese Giannettino Doria – son of Gian Andrea, prince of Melfi and captain general of the Sea –, who was Canon law student (1586-92) and rector (1589-90) in Salamanca. This case is investigated by analysing not only a variety of archival documentation about Giannettino, but also historiography about the University of Salamanca and its students’ daily life. The young Doria’s stay in Salamanca was the first step of his long ecclesiastical career as cardinal (1604) and archbishop of Palermo (1609-42). His years in Salamanca are also the confirmation of how sharing the same classrooms with Iberians, Americans and other students coming from diverse domains of the Monarchy, besides conferring an imperial scope to students’ formation, increased business relationships among their own families.En las que han sido eficazmente definidas como las “aulas de la Monarquía Católica”, es decir, los edificios de la Universidad de Salamanca, coincidieron jóvenes vástagos de la nobleza procedentes de la extensa geografía del imperio español. De estos nobles, generosos y dignidades (eclesiásticas), la representación de italianos ascendió a medio centenar de estudiantes entre 1546 y 1668. Esta comunicación se propone presentar el caso del genovés Giannettino Doria – hijo de Gian Andrea, príncipe de Melfi y capitán general de la Mar –, estudiante de Cánones (1586-92) y rector (1589-90). Para ello, se cruzará una variada documentación de archivo sobre el personaje en cuestión con la historiografía que se ha ocupado del funcionamiento de la Universidad de Salamanca y la vida cotidiana de sus estudiantes. La permanencia de Giannettino en Salamanca constituyó el primer paso de su larga carrera eclesiástica como cardenal (1604) y arzobispo de Palermo (1609-42†). Su ejemplo, además, confirma una realidad: que el hecho de que españoles, americanos y vasallos de otros dominios de la Monarquía compartieran las aulas, aparte de conferir un alcance imperial a su formación, estrechaba las relaciones de negocios entre sus respectivas familias