(Disparity-Driven) Accommodation Response Contributes to Perceived Depth

When looking at objects at various distances in the physical space, the accommodation and vergence systems adjust their parameters to provide a single and clear vision of the world. Subtended muscle activity provides oculomotor cues that can contribute to the perception of depth and distance. While several studies have outlined the role of vergence in distance perception, little is known about the contribution of its concommitant accommodation component. It is possible to unravel the role of each of these physiological systems by placing observers in a situation where there is a conflict between accommodation and vergence distances. We thus sought to determine the contribution of each response system to perceived depth by simultaneously measuring vergence and accommodation while participants judged the depth of 3D stimuli. The distance conflict decreased depth constancy for stimulus displayed with negative disparity steps (divergence). Although vergence was unaffected by the stimulus distance, accommodation responses were significantly reduced when the stimulus was displayed with negative disparities. Our results show that biases in perceived depth follow undershoots in the disparity-driven accommodation response. These findings suggest that accommodation responses (i.e., from oculomotor information) can contribute to perceived depth

Innovative multidimensional gait evaluation using IMU in multiple sclerosis: introducing the semiogram

BackgroundQuantifying gait using inertial measurement units has gained increasing interest in recent years. Highly degraded gaits, especially in neurological impaired patients, challenge gait detection algorithms and require specific segmentation and analysis tools. Thus, the outcomes of these devices must be rigorously tested for both robustness and relevancy in order to recommend their routine use. In this study, we propose a multidimensional score to quantify and visualize gait, which can be used in neurological routine follow-up. We assessed the reliability and clinical coherence of this method in a group of severely disabled patients with progressive multiple sclerosis (pMS), who display highly degraded gait patterns, as well as in an age-matched healthy subjects (HS) group.MethodsTwenty-two participants with pMS and nineteen HS were included in this 18-month longitudinal follow-up study. During the follow-up period, all participants completed a 10-meter walk test with a U-turn and back, twice at M0, M6, M12, and M18. Average speed and seven clinical criteria (sturdiness, springiness, steadiness, stability, smoothness, synchronization, and symmetry) were evaluated using 17 gait parameters selected from the literature. The variation of these parameters from HS values was combined to generate a multidimensional visual tool, referred to as a semiogram.ResultsFor both cohorts, all criteria showed moderate to very high test–retest reliability for intra-session measurements. Inter-session quantification was also moderate to highly reliable for all criteria except smoothness, which was not reliable for HS participants. All partial scores, except for the stability score, differed between the two populations. All partial scores were correlated with an objective but not subjective quantification of gait severity in the pMS population. A deficit in the pyramidal tract was associated with altered scores in all criteria, whereas deficits in cerebellar, sensitive, bulbar, and cognitive deficits were associated with decreased scores in only a subset of gait criteria.ConclusionsThe proposed multidimensional gait quantification represents an innovative approach to monitoring gait disorders. It provides a reliable and informative biomarker for assessing the severity of gait impairments in individuals with pMS. Additionally, it holds the potential for discriminating between various underlying causes of gait alterations in pMS

Comprendre et optimiser la qualité de l’expérience en perception 3D

Stereoscopic 3-Dimensional (S3D) technology has recently received growing attraction,potentially because it provides a more informative and more immersive visual experience.Indeed, the viewer may extract the binocular disparities displayed between the left and theright views, more efficiently retrieve the depth of the observed visual scene, and thus, givevisual content another dimension. However, while the additional value of depth is ratherappreciated, a number of problems have been raised that impact the Quality of Experience(QoE) in S3D representations. The objective of this thesis is to investigate the main factorsaffecting QoE in stereopsis in order to provide guidelines towards the improvement andfurther use of stereoscopic systems. Three main aspects of QoE in S3D are addressed: (1) thesources and causes of visual fatigue, (2) the perceptual distortions arising in S3D and, (3) theimprovement of S3D QoE through content adaptation. To study visual fatigue in S3D,vergence eye movements were measured both in S3D display and in dual-screen display thatenables the presentation of matched disparity and defocus stimuli. The effect of stereopsis onvergence movements was studied so as to test whether vergence tracking can be used asindicator of visual fatigue. The next topic investigated the consistency in stereoscopic 3Dshape perception as a function of vergence distance and accommodation distance. The role ofthe pupil size and the depth of focus in S3D were evaluated by manipulating the pupilaperture with two controlled lighting conditions. Finally, the improvement of 3D shapeperception is addressed through content adaptation according to individual perceptionthresholds measurement for motion-in-depth stimuli.Les technologies de relief tridimensionnel (3D) ont récemment reçu un nouvel attrait. Lesraisons potentielles sont que ces technologies peuvent fournir une expérience visuelle plusriche et plus immersive. En effet, un observateur peut extraire les disparités binoculairesprésentées entre les vues gauche et droite, pour retrouver plus efficacement la profondeur dela scène visuelle observée, et ainsi, trouver une nouvelle dimension dans le contenu.Cependant, tandis que la valeur de la profondeur est plutôt bien appréciée, un certain nombrede problèmes qui impactent la qualité de l’expérience dans les représentations 3D ont étéidentifiés. L’objective de cette thèse est d’étudier les principaux facteurs qui affectent laqualité de l’expérience en stéréoscopie dans le but de fournir des méthodes qui pourraientaméliorer l’utilisation des systèmes stéréoscopiques. Trois aspects majeurs de la qualité del’expérience sont adressés : (1) les sources et causes de la fatigue visuelle, (2) les distorsionsperceptives et (3) l’amélioration de la qualité de l’expérience en 3D au travers de l’adaptationdu contenu visuel. Pour étudier la fatigue visuelle, les mouvements de vergence étaientmesurés à la fois avec un écran 3D et avec un système à double écran qui permettaient laprésentation de stimuli avec les informations de disparité et de flou présentés en congruencecomme en incongruence. L’effet de la stéréoscopie sur les mouvements de vergence a étéétudié dans le but de tester si la mesure oculaire pouvait être utilisée comme indicateur defatigue visuelle. Le sujet suivant étudiait la consistance de la perception des formes 3Dstéréoscopiques en fonction de distances virtuelles induites par la disparité et par le signald’accommodation. Le rôle de la taille de la pupille et de la profondeur de champ enstéréoscopie étaient étudiés par la manipulation de la taille de la pupille avec deux conditionsd’illumination contrôlée. Finalement, l’amélioration de la perception de la forme 3D estquestionnée au travers de l’adaptation du contenu visuel en fonction de la mesure de seuilsperceptifs individuels pour des stimuli se déplaçant en profondeur

Space Boundaries in Schizophrenia

International audienceThe present study evaluates whether in schizophrenia deficits in specifying social distances appropriately for interindividual interactions might be related to abnormal capabilities in specifying the boundaries of reachable space. Using a stop-distance paradigm, 20 patients with schizophrenia and their controls judged from seven preselected angles when a target reached the boundaries of peripersonal space. Results revealed that spatial perception was similar for patients and controls throughout the workspace with more accurate judgments in the preferred hemi-field. Nevertheless, patients were significantly more variable in their judgments; this variability was correlated with the PANSS disorganization cluster. In task 2, participants were required to judge either the boundaries of reachable space (target was an object) or to evaluate social distances (target was a person). Results revealed here again increased judgment variability in schizophrenia, in both situations. Of key importance was that results were normalized in the patients, when judgments were made through voluntary movement. These results argue for a similar brain mechanism for the determination of space and social distances. Furthermore, they suggest an important role of voluntary movement for the creation of stronger motor representations of action goals, which provide the basis for more accurate judgments of space boundaries during both physical and social interactions. The findings are discussed in light of the embodied theory of cognition and their implications for social skills in patients suffering from mental illnesses

Comprendre et optimiser la qualité de l expérience en perception 3D

Les technologies de relief tridimensionnel (3D) ont récemment reçu un nouvel attrait. Lesraisons potentielles sont que ces technologies peuvent fournir une expérience visuelle plusriche et plus immersive. En effet, un observateur peut extraire les disparités binoculairesprésentées entre les vues gauche et droite, pour retrouver plus efficacement la profondeur dela scène visuelle observée, et ainsi, trouver une nouvelle dimension dans le contenu.Cependant, tandis que la valeur de la profondeur est plutôt bien appréciée, un certain nombrede problèmes qui impactent la qualité de l expérience dans les représentations 3D ont étéidentifiés. L objective de cette thèse est d étudier les principaux facteurs qui affectent laqualité de l expérience en stéréoscopie dans le but de fournir des méthodes qui pourraientaméliorer l utilisation des systèmes stéréoscopiques. Trois aspects majeurs de la qualité del expérience sont adressés : (1) les sources et causes de la fatigue visuelle, (2) les distorsionsperceptives et (3) l amélioration de la qualité de l expérience en 3D au travers de l adaptationdu contenu visuel. Pour étudier la fatigue visuelle, les mouvements de vergence étaientmesurés à la fois avec un écran 3D et avec un système à double écran qui permettaient laprésentation de stimuli avec les informations de disparité et de flou présentés en congruencecomme en incongruence. L effet de la stéréoscopie sur les mouvements de vergence a étéétudié dans le but de tester si la mesure oculaire pouvait être utilisée comme indicateur defatigue visuelle. Le sujet suivant étudiait la consistance de la perception des formes 3Dstéréoscopiques en fonction de distances virtuelles induites par la disparité et par le signald accommodation. Le rôle de la taille de la pupille et de la profondeur de champ enstéréoscopie étaient étudiés par la manipulation de la taille de la pupille avec deux conditionsd illumination contrôlée. Finalement, l amélioration de la perception de la forme 3D estquestionnée au travers de l adaptation du contenu visuel en fonction de la mesure de seuilsperceptifs individuels pour des stimuli se déplaçant en profondeur.Stereoscopic 3-Dimensional (S3D) technology has recently received growing attraction,potentially because it provides a more informative and more immersive visual experience.Indeed, the viewer may extract the binocular disparities displayed between the left and theright views, more efficiently retrieve the depth of the observed visual scene, and thus, givevisual content another dimension. However, while the additional value of depth is ratherappreciated, a number of problems have been raised that impact the Quality of Experience(QoE) in S3D representations. The objective of this thesis is to investigate the main factorsaffecting QoE in stereopsis in order to provide guidelines towards the improvement andfurther use of stereoscopic systems. Three main aspects of QoE in S3D are addressed: (1) thesources and causes of visual fatigue, (2) the perceptual distortions arising in S3D and, (3) theimprovement of S3D QoE through content adaptation. To study visual fatigue in S3D,vergence eye movements were measured both in S3D display and in dual-screen display thatenables the presentation of matched disparity and defocus stimuli. The effect of stereopsis onvergence movements was studied so as to test whether vergence tracking can be used asindicator of visual fatigue. The next topic investigated the consistency in stereoscopic 3Dshape perception as a function of vergence distance and accommodation distance. The role ofthe pupil size and the depth of focus in S3D were evaluated by manipulating the pupilaperture with two controlled lighting conditions. Finally, the improvement of 3D shapeperception is addressed through content adaptation according to individual perceptionthresholds measurement for motion-in-depth stimuli.PARIS5-Bibliotheque electronique (751069902) / SudocSudocFranceF

Depth Perception in Virtual Reality Systems: Effect of Screen Distance, Environment Richness and Display Factors

International audienceViewing a scene on a screen display differs greatly from viewing it in the real world. The visual information is conveyed via a flat screen at a fixed distance, and this screen distance can influence how viewers perceive depth in stereograms in conventional stereoscopic displays. This study investigated whether screen distance influences perceived depth in Virtual Reality (VR) systems providing additional motion parallax information. Participants adjusted the depth of a vertical dihedron displayed as a random-dot stere-ogram. In a first experiment, the stimulus was presented either alone in a gray untextured background or in a cue-rich environment. We found that despite the extra motion parallax information in VR systems compared to conventional stereo-displays, physical screen distance still affected depth perception substantially at longer simulated distances. However, the effect lessened when observers were immersed in a rich and structured environment, possibly allowing them to use other depth cues. A second experiment assessed the influence of potentially potent display-related factors (resolution, display orientation, luminance non-uniformity, and specular reflection), as well as the effect of accommodation-vergence (A-V) conflict size. Depth perception was compared between a Head-Mounted Display (HMD) and an L-shaped system, and between a CAVE and an L-shaped system. These comparisons between CAVE-like VR systems and HMDs revealed that A-V conflict and inclusion of a rich environment were the major factors impacting depth perception. These results have practical and methodological implications for the reliable use of VR systems, especially where accurate depth-matching is involved

Towards a Common Mode Current Free Packaging Solution for High Voltage Series Connected SiC MOSFET Switches

International audienceTests are carried out on two different series-connected switches made of six SiC MOSFETs capable of blocking 10 kV and 20 kV respectively. High voltage capacitors are connected to the drain terminals of the MOSFETs to emulate the common mode currents' paths due to parasitic capacitances of the packaging. Due to high dV/dt, common mode currents become dangerous to the switch as they unsettle the voltage sharing during turn-off and unbalance switching losses. This could lead some of the MOSFETs to experience avalanche breakdown. A novel packaging approach that suppresses or balances the common mode currents is introduced

Homo diplomaticus

Alors que la diplomatie mondiale sert de plus en plus la puissance des États et de moins en moins un ordre international pacifié, que peut apporter l’anthropologie à la compréhension des pratiques diplomatiques ? Ce numéro s’écarte de la diplomatie traditionnelle pour observer des pratiques émergentes, ou non occidentales, en prêtant une attention spéciale aux adaptations et aux inventions des vaincus. Le lecteur rencontrera ici : des fruits malodorants porteurs d’un étonnant pouvoir politique, un défenseur des arbres du bocage, des pleurs cérémoniels servant à émouvoir des opinions publiques, des rituels amazoniens qui se propagent pour contrer une invasion territoriale… et d’autres pas de côté destinés à féconder notre imaginaire diplomatique