The Function of Liturgical Music within the History of the Catholic Church

Within the Catholic Church, there has always been a need and a strong presence for music. The need for music has changed from being simply something listened to by all and sung by a few to involving everyone to sing together and participate in liturgical celebrations. There is great richness to be gained from an increased awareness of music in the Church, and many important lessons can be learned from the historical progression of liturgical music. The effect music has had on the liturgy has directly affected the congregation based upon their needs. The central questions addressed within this thesis relate to why Christians sing at worship and why Christians worship with music. The answers to these questions will be provided by an analysis of the three main periods of history within the Church: The Church at the Beginning of the Middle Ages, The Reformation, and The Second Vatican Council. Through this analysis, one will realize that music is an enjoyable part of life, gaining a better understanding of what music can do within worship, and realizing the great impact music has had on the Catholic liturgy

The First Step Act of 2018: One Small Step Toward Social Change

Throughout history, the United States has toggled between punitive and rehabilitative policies within the criminal justice system, creating social changes that have contributed to racial inequalities within policy and practice that are still being dealt with today. The First Step Act of 2018 (Formerly Incarcerated Reenter Society Transformed, Safely Transitioning Every Person Act) is a federal prison reform attempting to implement rehabilitative social change within a society that is still not ready for it. The act is hoping to assist offenders with re-entry by reducing recidivism with a new risk and needs assessment, decreasing mandatory minimum sentences by allocating good time, and incarcerating individuals within 500 miles of their communities. However, this act only applies to certain federal inmates, does not change overall sentencing practices that have led to mass incarceration, and does not account for damaged social capital related to relationships or how society stigmatizes individuals with a criminal record. Ultimately, policymakers within the criminal justice system should consider how perceptions and inequalities related to criminal records will need to change in order for formerly incarcerated individuals to benefit from the First Step Act

Synthesis of spiroacetals using functionalised titanium carbenoids

Alkylidenation of lactones with functionalised titanium carbenoid reagents (Schrock carbenes) followed by acid-induced cyclisation of the resulting enol ethers constitutes a new method for the preparation of [4.4], [4.5] and [5.5] spiroacetals (1,6-dioxaspiro[4.4]nonanes, 1,6-dioxaspiro[4.5]decanes and 1,7-dioxaspiro[5.5]undecanes, respectively, sometimes termed 5,5-, 5,6- and 6,6-spiroketals). The titanium carbenoids are easily generated from readily available thioacetals

Sodium Tertiary Pentoxide: A Mild and Efficient Base to Make C-C Bond between Acetylenes and Aldehydes (or) Ketones Producing Propargyl Alcohols

This report confirms that sodium tertiary‐pentoxide is a very effective base for the nucleophilic addition of acetylenes to aldehydes and ketones in 1,4‐dioxane at room temperature. These mild and operationally simple procedures have been working well with a variety of aromatic and heteroaromatic aldehydes and also equally working well with aliphatic, aromatic and heteroaromatic ketones. A very clean product of secondary and tertiary propargylic alcohols were obtained from 70–94% yield. This process has been explored in bulk scale synthesis on selected molecules and also adapted the column free purification for most of the substrates

Some selective and monotone versions of covering properties and some results on the cardinality of a topological space

This thesis consists of two chapters. In the first one, we investigate some selective and monotone versions of covering properties; in particular we study two selective properties: the selective absolute star-Lindelöfness, defined by S. Bhowmik, and the selective strong star- Menger property. Furthermore, we define and study several properties related to monotone normality. In the second chapter, we give some bounds to the cardinality of particular classes of topological spaces