ESTIMATION OF EMPLOYMENT MULTIPLIERS FOR PLANNING IN OZARKS NONMETROPOLITAN COUNTIES

Labor and Human Capital,

Optimal Location of the U.S. Broiler Industry

Livestock Production/Industries, Marketing, Productivity Analysis,

Differential Joint-Specific Corticospinal Tract Projections within the Cervical Enlargement

The motor cortex represents muscle and joint control and projects to spinal cord interneurons and–in many primates, including humans–motoneurons, via the corticospinal tract (CST). To examine these spinal CST anatomical mechanisms, we determined if motor cortex sites controlling individual forelimb joints project differentially to distinct cervical spinal cord territories, defined regionally and by the locations of putative last-order interneurons that were transneuronally labeled by intramuscular injection of pseudorabies virus. Motor cortex joint-specific sites were identified using intracortical-microstimulation. CST segmental termination fields from joint-specific sites, determined using anterograde tracers, comprised a high density core of terminations that was consistent between animals and a surrounding lower density projection that was more variable. Core terminations from shoulder, elbow, and wrist control sites overlapped in the medial dorsal horn and intermediate zone at C5/C6 but were separated at C7/C8. Shoulder sites preferentially terminated dorsally, in the dorsal horn; wrist/digit sites, more ventrally in the intermediate zone; and elbow sites, medially in the dorsal horn and intermediate zone. Pseudorabies virus injected in shoulder, elbow, or wrist muscles labeled overlapping populations of predominantly muscle-specific putative premotor interneurons, at a survival time for disynaptic transfer from muscle. At C5/C6, CST core projections from all joint zones were located medial to regions of densely labeled last-order interneurons, irrespective of injected muscle. At C7/C8 wrist CST core projections overlapped the densest interneuron territory, which was located in the lateral intermediate zone. In contrast, elbow CST core projections were located medial to the densest interneuron territories, and shoulder CST core projections were located dorsally and only partially overlapped the densest interneuron territory. Our findings show a surprising fractionation of CST terminations in the caudal cervical enlargement that may be organized to engage different spinal premotor circuits for distal and proximal joint control

Effect of Resistance Training on VCAM-1 and Cortisol in HIV+ Men with Chemical Dependence

Effect of resistance training on VCAM-1 and Cortisol in HIV+ men with chemical dependence Curtis, John H., Vingren, Jakob L., Hill, David W., The Applied Physiology Laboratory, The University of North Texas, Denton, TX Resistance training can reduce the effects of inflammatory diseases and contribute to skeletal muscle repair and regeneration. Cortisol functions to reduce inflammation in the body however, it can impair the immune system. Elevated levels of Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule 1 (VCAM-1) are associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease. Chemical dependency is also associated with immune impairment. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to look at the impact of resistance training on the level of cortisol and VCAM-1 as an inflammatory response to resistance training. Methods: Sixteen HIV+ men (Age: 41.5 ± 10.9, Height: 180.4 ± 9.1 cm, Weight: 89.2 ± 20.7 kg) enrolled in an in-patient chemical dependence rehabilitation program were recruited and assigned to one of two groups using randomization: supervised resistance training 3 times per week (Exercise) or no exercise training (Control) for six weeks. Before and after the 6-week period, a resting and fasted blood sample was obtained and analyzed for cortisol and VCAM-1 concentrations. Results: Resting levels of VCAM-1 were statistically unchanged in both the Control group (6.05 ± 4.5 vs. 6.13 ± 4.5) and in the Exercise group (7.05 ± 3.4 vs. 7.6 ± 3.6). Levels of Cortisol were also statistically unchanged in both the Control group (26.33 ± 9.3 vs. 26.08 ± 7.9) and the Exercise group (21.84 ± 3.5 vs. 22.37 ±4.8). Conclusion: A six week resistance training program might not be long enough to illicit the benefits of lower Cortisol levels and an increase in VCAM-1 levels in this given population

Meat buying and use in the Missouri restaurants

Digitized 2007 AES.Includes bibliographical references