Genetic diversity of Lusitano horse in Brazil using pedigree information

This study aimed to evaluate population parameters and to describe the genetic diversity of the Lusitano breed in Brazil using pedigree data. Two populations were evaluated: total population (TP) containing 18,922 animals, and reference population (RP) composed of a part of TP containing 8,329 animals, representing the last generation. The generation interval (10.1 ± 5.1 years) was in the range for horse populations. Pedigree completeness in RP shows almost 100% filling in the three most recent generations, indicating improvement in the pedigree data and accuracy of the results, and the inbreeding coefficient (4.46%) and average relatedness (5.97%) for RP, indicating control on the part of breeders. The effective population size was 89 (TP) and 90 (RP). The effective number of founders (fe) were 33 and 29, effective number of ancestors (fa) were 30 and 26, and effective number of founder genomes (fg) were 19 and 15 for TP and RP, respectively, indicating a reduction of genetic variability in the last generations. The total number of ancestors that explains 100% of the genetic diversity in the Lusitano breed in Brazil was 427 (TP) and 341 (RP). The reproductive parameters, probabilities of gene origin showing loss of variability in the last generations, and the genetic contributions of ancestors suggest the need to monitor genetic diversity over time in breeding programs to allow control of the next generations and to increase their variability.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Persistence of Inflammatory Response to Intense Exercise in Diabetic Rats

In this study we evaluated the onset and resolution of inflammation in control and streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats subjected to a single session of intense exercise. The following measurements were carried out prior to, immediately after, and 2 and 24 hours after exercise: plasma levels of proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, CINC-2α/β, MIP-3α, and IL-6), immunoglobulins (IgA and IgM), acute phase proteins (CRP and C3), and creatine kinase (CK) activity. We also examined the occurrence of macrophage death by measurements of macrophages necrosis (loss of membrane integrity) and DNA fragmentation. An increase was observed in the concentration of IL-1β (3.3-fold) and TNF-α (2.0-fold) and in the proportion of necrotic macrophages (4.5-fold) in diabetic rats 24 hours after exercise, while the control group showed basal measurements. Twenty-four hours after the exercise, serum CK activity was elevated in diabetic rats but not in control animals. We concluded that lesion and inflammations resulting from intense exercise were greater and lasted longer in diabetic animals than in nondiabetic control rats

Persistence of Inflammatory Response to Intense Exercise in Diabetic Rats

In this study we evaluated the onset and resolution of inflammation in control and streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats subjected to a single session of intense exercise. The following measurements were carried out prior to, immediately after, and 2 and 24 hours after exercise: plasma levels of proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, CINC-2α/β, MIP-3α, and IL-6), immunoglobulins (IgA and IgM), acute phase proteins (CRP and C3), and creatine kinase (CK) activity. We also examined the occurrence of macrophage death by measurements of macrophages necrosis (loss of membrane integrity) and DNA fragmentation. An increase was observed in the concentration of IL-1β (3.3-fold) and TNF-α (2.0-fold) and in the proportion of necrotic macrophages (4.5-fold) in diabetic rats 24 hours after exercise, while the control group showed basal measurements. Twenty-four hours after the exercise, serum CK activity was elevated in diabetic rats but not in control animals. We concluded that lesion and inflammations resulting from intense exercise were greater and lasted longer in diabetic animals than in nondiabetic control rats

Metabolic fate of glutamine in lymphocytes, macrophages and neutrophils

Eric Newsholmes laboratory was the first to show glutamine utilization by lymphocytes and macrophages. Recently, we have found that neutrophils also utilize glutamine. This amino acid has been shown to play a role in lymphocyte proliferation, cytokine production by lymphocytes and macrophages and phagocytosis and superoxide production by macrophages and neutrophils. Knowledge of the metabolic fate of glutamine in these cells is important for the understanding of the role and function of this amino acid in the maintenance of the proliferative, phagocytic and secretory capacities of these cells. Glutamine and glucose are poorly oxidized by these cells and might produce important precursors for DNA, RNA, protein and lipid synthesis. The high rate of glutamine utilization and its importance in such cells have raised the question as to the source of this glutamine, which, according to current evidence, appears to be muscle

Atributos químicos das fases sólida e aquosa do solo de sítios de restinga sob diferentes coberturas vegetais no estado de Sergipe.

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The chaperone balance hypothesis: The importance of the extracellular to intracellular HSP70 ratio to inflammation-driven type 2 diabetes, the effect of exercise, and the implications for clinical management

Recent evidence shows divergence between the concentrations of extracellular 70 kDa heat shock protein [eHSP70] and its intracellular concentrations [iHSP70] in people with type 2 diabetes (T2DM). A vital aspect regarding HSP70 physiology is its versatility to induce antagonistic actions, depending on the location of the protein. For example, iHSP70 exerts a powerful anti-inflammatory effect, while eHSP70 activates proinflammatory pathways. Increased eHSP70 is associated with inflammatory and oxidative stress conditions, whereas decreased iHSP70 levels are related to insulin resistance in skeletal muscle. Serum eHSP70 concentrations are positively correlated with markers of inflammation, such as C-reactive protein, monocyte count, and TNF-a, while strategies to enhance iHSP70 (e.g., heat treatment, chemical HSP70 inducers or coinducers, and physical exercise) are capable of reducing the inflammatory profile and the insulin resistance state. Here, we present recent findings suggesting that imbalances in the HSP70 status, described by the [eHSP70]/[iHSP70] ratio, may be determinant to trigger a chronic proinflammatory state that leads to insulin resistance and T2DM development. This led us to hypothesize that changes in this ratio value could be used as a biomarker for the management of the inflammatory response in insulin resistance and diabetes

Metabolic regulation and production of oxygen reactive species during muscule contraction: effect of glycogen on intracellular redox state

O exercício físico prolongado reduz os estoques de glicogênio muscular. Nessas condições, os processos de fadiga muscular são estimulados coincidindo com um aumento na produção de espécies reativas de oxigênio. A suplementação de carboidratos ou de antioxidantes isoladamente contribui para a melhora da performance muscular, sugerindo um efeito importante da depleção de substrato (glicose) e do aumento da produção de EROs no desenvolvimento da fadiga muscular durante a atividade física. Embora o mecanismo seja desconhecido, estamos propondo neste estudo que uma maior disponibilidade de glicogênio poderia favorecer uma maior atividade da via das pentoses fosfato, aumentando a disponibilidade de NADPH e GSH no tecido muscular esquelético. Uma maior capacidade antioxidante aumentaria a capacidade do tecido muscular em atividade, mantendo o equilíbrio redox durante atividade física prolongada e melhorando o desempenho. Neste processo, o ciclo glicose-ácido graxo pode ser importante aumentando a oxidação de lipídio e reduzindo o consumo de glicogênio durante a atividade prolongada. Além disso, um aumento na produção de EROs pode reduzir a atividade de enzimas importantes do metabolismo celular incluindo a aconitase e a a-cetoglutarato desidrogenase, comprometendo a produção de energia oxidativa, via predominante na produção de ATP durante a atividade muscular prolongada.Fatigue is closely related to the depletion of glycogen in the skeletal muscle during prolonged exercise. Under this condition, the production of oxygen reactive species (ROS) is substantially increased. It has been shown that dietary supplementation of carbohydrate or antioxidant attenuates muscle fatigue during contraction. This suggests that glycogen availability and/or elevated ROS production plays an important role on muscle fatigue development during prolonged muscle activity. Although the mechanism is still unknown, we propose that elevated muscle glycogen availability may lead to a high activity of hexose monophosphate pathway, increasing the NADPH and glutathione concentration in the skeletal muscle tissue. Elevated antioxidant capacity would increase the muscle redox balance during muscle contraction, improving performance. In this process, the glucose-fatty acid cycle may be important to increase lipid oxidation and consequently decrease glycogen utilization during prolonged activity. In addition, an elevated ROS production could reduce the activity of key metabolic enzymes including aconitase and a-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase, decreasing the oxidative energy production in the skeletal muscle during prolonged activity.FAPESPCoordenacao de Aperfeicoamento de Pessoal de Nivel Superior (CAPES)CNP

SNP 22684390C>T do gene COX4I2 (citrocome c oxidase, subunit 4, isoform 2) nas linhagens de corrida e trabalho da raça Quarto de Milha.

Por possuírem diferentes aptidões, a seleção de forma divergente na raça Quarto de Milha culminou com a formação de diferentes linhagens, entre as quais a de corrida e a de trabalho. A isoforma 2 da proteína COX4 codificada pelo gene COX4I2 (citocromo c oxidade, subunit 4, isoform 2) tem sido associada com maior volume de mitocôndrias nas células. Neste sentido foi proposto que este gene estaria ligado ao aumento da eficiência da respiração celular. O polimorfismo 22684390C>T do COX4I2 foi associado ao melhor desempenho em corridas de equinos da raça Puro-Sangue Inglês, sendo que animais de genótipo TT tiveram desempenho superior aos de genótipos CT e CC. Foram genotipados, por meio de PCR-RFLP, 229 equinos Quarto de milha, sendo 161 da linhagem de corrida e 68 da de trabalho. Para a linhagem de corrida foi identificado desvio no equilíbrio de Hardy-Weinberg (P<0,05). Não foram identificadas diferenças significativas nas frequências alélicas e genotípicas entre as linhagens de corrida e trabalho. Porém, ao considerar o alelo T recessivo (TT x C_), houve diferença significativa (P<0,05) das frequências entre as linhagens, com menor frequência do genótipo TT na linhagem de corrida (0,10) em relação à de trabalho (0,22). Diferentemente do observado na raça Puro-Sangue Inglês, os resultados aqui apresentados sugerem que, provavelmente, o genótipo TT não esteja ligado ao melhor desempenho em corridas na raça Quarto de Milha