Fishermen\u27s Dock Coop., Inc. v. Brown: Judicial Review Of Optimum Yield Determinations

The Fishery Conservation and Management Act of 1976 (Magnuson Act or Act) was enacted by Congress to conserve U.S. coastal fishery resources and to maximize the economic and social utility of those resources for U.S. citizens. The Act has a fisheries management goal of providing the optimum yield of all managed species, a concept which is based on the statistically derived quantity of maximum sustainable yield as modified by any relevant economic, social, or ecological factor. The mandatory consideration of these three factors, coupled with the inherent uncertainty of fish stock assessment techniques, effectively places broad discretionary power in the Secretary of Commerce (Secretary) when promulgating yearly catch quotas. Considerable controversy has developed over the scope of this discretion. Consequently the question of whether the Secretary may protect the long-term viability of fish stocks to the economic detriment of commercial fishers has been examined by several federal courts. In one recent decision, Fishermen\u27s Dock Cooperative, Inc. v. Brown, the Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit joined the weight of judicial authority by deferring to the technical expertise of the Mid- Atlantic Fishery Management Council (Council) in setting the annual fishery quota for the summer flounder fishery. Relying on a strong line of case law favoring broad agency discretion with regard to technical matters, the court of appeals unanimously upheld the Secretary\u27s acceptance of the Council\u27s recommendations, ruling that the quota determination was not arbitrary and capricious. In its ruling upholding the conservative quota, the court acknowledged the Secretary\u27s mandated duty to protect the long-term viability of coastal fisheries resources. Moreover, the court recognized the discretionary power vested in the Council to determine which scientific methods meet the statutory standard of best scientific information. By extending judicial approval to methods which tend to conserve resources rather than maximize short-term economic gains, the court recognized a functional approach for arriving at optimum yield where data and analyses suggest a heavily pressured and possibly overexploited fishery. This Note argues that such discretionary judgments should always favor the long-term conservation of fisheries, by employing methods and judgments which are risk-averse rather than risk-prone

Truths from Women about Leadership

A review of The Female Advantage: Women\u27s Way of Leadership, by Sally Helgesen

Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Flavanones from Glycyrrhiza glabra L. (licorice) Leaf Phytocomplexes: Identification of Licoflavanone as a Modulator of NF-kB/MAPK Pathway

Inflammation represents an adaptive response generated by injuries or harmful stimuli. Natural remedies represent an interesting alternative to traditional therapies, involving several biochemical pathways. Besides, the valorization of agrochemical wastes nowadays seems to be a feasible way to reduce the health spending and improve the accessibility at bioactive natural compounds. In this context, the chemical composition of three Glycyrrhiza glabra L. (licorice) leaf extracts, obtained through maceration or ultrasound-assisted method (fresh and dried leaves) was investigated. A guided fractionation obtained three main components: pinocembrin, glabranin and licoflavanone. All the extracts showed similar antioxidant properties, evaluated by 2,2'-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) or 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) Diammonium Salt (ABTS) assay, while, among the isolated compounds, licoflavanone exhibited the best antioxidant activity. The anti-inflammatory activity of the extracts and the purified compounds was investigated in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 murine macrophages. Extract C and licoflavanone showed a good anti-inflammatory activity without affecting cell viability, as they decreased nitrite levels even when used at 12.5 μg/mL (p < 0.005) and 50 μM concentration (p < 0.001), respectively. Interestingly, licoflavanone markedly decreased pro-inflammatory cytokines and cyclooxygenase 2/inducible nitric oxide synthase (COX-2/iNOS) expression levels (p < 0.001). A modulation of nuclear factor kappa B/mitogen-activated protein kinases (NF-kB/MAPK) pathway underlay such behavior, highlighting the potential of this natural compound as a new scaffold in anti-inflammatory drug research

Effect of Ferric Sodium EDTA administration, in combination with vitamin C, folic acid, copper gluconate, zinc gluconate and selenomethionine, on cardiovascular risk evaluation: exploration of the HRV frequency domain

diseases. Using the Heart Rate Variability (HRV) analysis is possible to provide an evaluation of the safety and the effectiveness of intervention. Objective: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of Ferric Sodium EDTA in combination with vitamin C, folic acid, copper gluconate, zinc gluconate and selenomethionine (Ferachel forte®) 2 tabs/day for 24 days in elderly patients with secondary anaemia, by exploring the HRV frequency domain. Methods: In 45 elderly patients with secondary anaemia and/or low-moderate kidney failure, laboratory values after administration of Ferric Sodium EDTA, 2 tabs a day, in combination with vitamin C, folic acid, copper gluconate, zinc gluconate and selenomethionine (Ferachel forte®) for 24 days (N=16 patients) or ferrous gluconate 63 mg/day added to saline solution, administered using intravenous access during the hospitalization period of 15 ± 5 days (N=29 patients) were evaluated. Also, ECG signals and bioelectrical impedance (BIA) were measured. Results: Oral iron supplementation with Ferric Sodium EDTA, in combination with vitamin C, folic acid, copper gluconate, zinc gluconate and selenomethionine (Ferachel forte®) confirmed to be effective and safe about the cardiovascular risk in old patients. This study showed the real superiority of the oral administration about the cardiovascular risk in elderly patients in comparison with intravenous administration of ferrous gluconate. Conclusion: This study confirms that Ferric Sodium EDTA combination (Ferachel forte®) can be a valid alternative to ferrous gluconate intravenous therapy (gold standard) in the treatment of secondary anaemia in elderly patients. In fact, during the treatment, efficacy results have been maintained without statistically significant variations about cardiovascular risk, evaluated by exploring the HRV frequency domain

School Law for the Principal, A Handbook for Practitioners

A book review of School Law for the Principal, A Handbook for Practitioners, by Robert J. Shoop and Dennis R. Dunklee

REMOVED: Mastering Membranes to Command Functions

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Geopedologia e a sua influência sobre espécies arbóreas em florestas fluviais.

A recuperação de florestas fluviais compreende uma série de ações, sendo a primeira identificar a unidade fitogeográfica em que se está trabalhando. Na seqüência, a bacia hidrográfica deve ser compartimentada geopedologicamente, buscando identificar suas características hidrodinâmicas e, sobretudo, relacionar essas com os diversos padrões de leitos de rio, os quais possuem feições geomórficas distintas, ocupadas por diferentes tipos de solos. Em seguida, há a necessidade de se reconhecer como as espécies vegetais estão inseridas nesse contexto ambiental. Isso pode ser feito valendo-se de estudos que relacionem a fitossociologia às classes de solos, identificando a distribuição das espécies vegetais aos tipos de solos. Após a obtenção dessas informações e, com uma noção mais precisa do número necessário de indivíduos a ser produzido, além das informações fenológicas das mesmas, pode ser procedida a coleta de sementes. Essas ações irão garantir uma maior racionalização da operação. O procedimento de compartimentação geopedológica aqui proposto foi usado para segmentar a bacia hidrográfica do rio Itajaí em seis segmentos, havendo a indicação de espécies de acordo com o grau de saturação hídrica dos solos identificados na planície deste rio. Três categorias distintas de espécies (mesófilas, higrófilas e hidrófilas) são apontadas neste trabalho como potenciais para a recuperação de ambientes fluviais, todas em concordância com os padrões de solos identificados ao longo da Bacia.bitstream/CNPF-2009-09/40966/1/doc135.pd