14 research outputs found

    Emergence of methicillin resistance predates the clinical use of antibiotics

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    The discovery of antibiotics more than 80 years ago has led to considerable improvements in human and animal health. Although antibiotic resistance in environmental bacteria is ancient, resistance in human pathogens is thought to be a modern phenomenon that is driven by the clinical use of antibiotics(1). Here we show that particular lineages of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus-a notorious human pathogen-appeared in European hedgehogs in the pre-antibiotic era. Subsequently, these lineages spread within the local hedgehog populations and between hedgehogs and secondary hosts, including livestock and humans. We also demonstrate that the hedgehog dermatophyte Trichophyton erinacei produces two beta-lactam antibiotics that provide a natural selective environment in which methicillin-resistant S. aureus isolates have an advantage over susceptible isolates. Together, these results suggest that methicillin resistance emerged in the pre-antibiotic era as a co-evolutionary adaptation of S. aureus to the colonization of dermatophyte-infected hedgehogs. The evolution of clinically relevant antibiotic-resistance genes in wild animals and the connectivity of natural, agricultural and human ecosystems demonstrate that the use of a One Health approach is critical for our understanding and management of antibiotic resistance, which is one of the biggest threats to global health, food security and development

    Emergence of methicillin resistance predates the clinical use of antibiotics.

    Get PDF
    The discovery of antibiotics more than 80 years ago has led to considerable improvements in human and animal health. Although antibiotic resistance in environmental bacteria is ancient, resistance in human pathogens is thought to be a modern phenomenon that is driven by the clinical use of antibiotics1. Here we show that particular lineages of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus-a notorious human pathogen-appeared in European hedgehogs in the pre-antibiotic era. Subsequently, these lineages spread within the local hedgehog populations and between hedgehogs and secondary hosts, including livestock and humans. We also demonstrate that the hedgehog dermatophyte Trichophyton erinacei produces two ÎČ-lactam antibiotics that provide a natural selective environment in which methicillin-resistant S. aureus isolates have an advantage over susceptible isolates. Together, these results suggest that methicillin resistance emerged in the pre-antibiotic era as a co-evolutionary adaptation of S. aureus to the colonization of dermatophyte-infected hedgehogs. The evolution of clinically relevant antibiotic-resistance genes in wild animals and the connectivity of natural, agricultural and human ecosystems demonstrate that the use of a One Health approach is critical for our understanding and management of antibiotic resistance, which is one of the biggest threats to global health, food security and development

    Comparative Study of Architectural Bricks from Khorsabad and Susa Sites: Characterization of Black Glazes

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    In this study, the well-preserved glazes of 13 colored bricks representative of the decoration of the palaces of Sargon II (Khorsabad, 8th century BC) and of Darius I (Susa, 6th century BC) were examined. The purpose of this research is to gather information about the ancient brick manufacturing processes by examining the colored glazes and, in particular, black glazes using a combination of methods that included optical microscopy, SEM-EDX, synchrotron ”-XRD, and ”-Raman spectroscopy. The results revealed different coloring techniques for producing black glazes in the Neo-Assyrian and Persian Achaemenid periods. Regarding the black glazes of Susa, it is particularly interesting to note that their chemical composition varies according to the function of the glazes on the bricks: manganese oxide (for colored fields of glaze) and iron-rich compounds (for raised lines separating glazed areas). In comparison, the black glazes from Khorsabad are characterized by the presence of spherical copper sulfide and galena nanoparticles (ranging from less than 100 nm to about 1 ”m) for both the glazed areas and the separating lines. This coloring technique to obtain black glazes is very rarely described in the literature, as well as the mechanism of formation of these spherical nanoparticles

    Fertility Preservation in Klinefelter Syndrome Patients during the Transition Period.

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    International audienceSpermatozoa have occasionally been identified in ejaculate of adult Klinefelter syndrome (KS) patients but very exceptionally in KS adolescents. Spermatozoa can also be retrieved in testicular tissue of KS adolescents. The testis may also harbor spermatogonia and noncompletely differentiated germ cells. Neither clinical features nor hormonal parameters could predict germ cell recovery in KS adults or adolescents. No predictive factors can actually demonstrate that early diagnosis of KS would allow increasing the chance of sperm retrieval even if it has been suggested that semen quality may decline with age in KS patients. Leydig cell dysfunction may also be another factor that might affect the spermatogenesis process in XXY adolescents. Fertility preservation might be preferentially proposed in KS adolescents when semen sampling is possible, when the patient is able to consider alternative options to become a father, and to accept germ cell retrieval failure. However, precocious diagnosis of KS has also to be considered because it might not solely improve the possibility of fertility preservation after the onset of puberty, but also the medical care and the quality of life of these patients

    P544 : CaractĂ©risation d’une nouvelle duplication de PHEX dans une grande famille avec hypophosphatĂ©mie liĂ©e Ă  l’X

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    National audienceIntroduction : L’hypophosphatĂ©mie liĂ©e Ă  l’X est une tubulopathie rare dont le phĂ©notype comprend classiquement chez l’enfantun retard de croissance postnatal avec arcature des membres infĂ©rieurs (AMI), puis Ă  l’ñge adulte, une enthĂ©sopathie calcifianteet des abcĂšs dentaires aseptiques. Une surditĂ© de perception est Ă©galement dĂ©crite. Le phĂ©notype biologique est caractĂ©risĂ©par une hypophosphatĂ©mie avec absence d’élĂ©vation de la 1,25-(OH)2D (calcitriol), secondaire Ă  une concentration sĂ©riqueinadaptĂ©e d’un facteur hyperphosphaturiant, le FGF23, responsable d’une baisse de la rĂ©absorption tubulaire de phosphate etd’une diminution de la synthĂšse de calcitriol. La calcĂ©mie et la 25-OH-D sont normales ; la parathormone (PTH) est le plussouvent normale ou faiblement augmentĂ©e. Les phosphatases alcalines (PAL) sont Ă©levĂ©es chez les enfants, particuliĂšrementen pĂ©riode de forte croissance, et normales chez les adultes. Cette maladie dominante liĂ©e Ă  l’X est associĂ©e Ă  des mutationsdu gĂšne PHEX identifiĂ©es par sĂ©quençage chez 57 Ă  78 % des patients, ou Ă  de grands rĂ©arrangements de ce gĂšne chez 22 Ă 43 % des patients.Patients et mĂ©thodes : Le phĂ©notype clinique du cas index est limitĂ© Ă  un retard de croissance sans dĂ©formation des os longs nianomalie mĂ©taphysaire. L’analyse du gĂšne PHEX a consistĂ© en une Ă©tude des rĂ©gions codantes, des jonctions introns-exons etde la partie 3’UTR du gĂšne par sĂ©quençage haut-dĂ©bit et en une recherche de rĂ©arrangement par mĂ©thode Multiplex Ligationdependent Probe Amplification (MLPA). Une Ă©tude du transcrit sanguin a Ă©tĂ© rĂ©alisĂ©e par sĂ©quençage Sanger aprĂšs extractionde l’ARN du sang prĂ©levĂ© sur tube PAXGene Blood.RĂ©sultat : Le phĂ©notype biologique du cas index Ă©tait caractĂ©ristique, Ă  l’exception d’une absence d’élĂ©vation des PAL, enaccord avec la paucitĂ© des signes osseux. Aucune variation de sĂ©quence de PHEX n’a Ă©tĂ© identifiĂ©e par sĂ©quençage. La MLPAa montrĂ© une duplication incluant les exons 19 et 20 (hg19 chrX:g.[(22,239,764_22,244,622)_(22,245,641_22,263,498)dup]). LesĂ©quençage du transcrit mutant a rĂ©vĂ©lĂ© la prĂ©sence d’un exon 19 et d’un exon 20 surnumĂ©raires, sans dĂ©calage du cadre delecture d’aprĂšs les analyses in silico. Cette duplication a Ă©tĂ© identifiĂ©e chez plusieurs apparentĂ©s prĂ©sentant Ă©galement unphĂ©notype discret avec petite taille, douleurs osseuses, et AMI chez le frĂšre. Une duplication identique a Ă©tĂ© mise en Ă©videncedans un second cas index, appartenant Ă  la mĂȘme famille ; son pĂšre prĂ©sente une hypophosphatĂ©mie avec une tailleconservĂ©e.Conclusion : Nous rapportons une grande famille avec un nouveau variant de PHEX et un phĂ©notype modĂ©rĂ©d’hypophosphatĂ©mie liĂ©e Ă  l’X. Nous soulignons l’intĂ©rĂȘt de l’évaluation de la phosphatĂ©mie dans le bilan Ă©tiologique d’un retardde croissance. En l’absence de mutation dĂ©tectĂ©e par sĂ©quençage, une recherche des rĂ©arrangements de PHEX estnĂ©cessaire en cas de phĂ©notype biologique Ă©vocateur, mĂȘme en cas de phĂ©notype clinique discret

    P544 : CaractĂ©risation d’une nouvelle duplication de PHEX dans une grande famille avec hypophosphatĂ©mie liĂ©e Ă  l’X

    No full text
    National audienceIntroduction : L’hypophosphatĂ©mie liĂ©e Ă  l’X est une tubulopathie rare dont le phĂ©notype comprend classiquement chez l’enfantun retard de croissance postnatal avec arcature des membres infĂ©rieurs (AMI), puis Ă  l’ñge adulte, une enthĂ©sopathie calcifianteet des abcĂšs dentaires aseptiques. Une surditĂ© de perception est Ă©galement dĂ©crite. Le phĂ©notype biologique est caractĂ©risĂ©par une hypophosphatĂ©mie avec absence d’élĂ©vation de la 1,25-(OH)2D (calcitriol), secondaire Ă  une concentration sĂ©riqueinadaptĂ©e d’un facteur hyperphosphaturiant, le FGF23, responsable d’une baisse de la rĂ©absorption tubulaire de phosphate etd’une diminution de la synthĂšse de calcitriol. La calcĂ©mie et la 25-OH-D sont normales ; la parathormone (PTH) est le plussouvent normale ou faiblement augmentĂ©e. Les phosphatases alcalines (PAL) sont Ă©levĂ©es chez les enfants, particuliĂšrementen pĂ©riode de forte croissance, et normales chez les adultes. Cette maladie dominante liĂ©e Ă  l’X est associĂ©e Ă  des mutationsdu gĂšne PHEX identifiĂ©es par sĂ©quençage chez 57 Ă  78 % des patients, ou Ă  de grands rĂ©arrangements de ce gĂšne chez 22 Ă 43 % des patients.Patients et mĂ©thodes : Le phĂ©notype clinique du cas index est limitĂ© Ă  un retard de croissance sans dĂ©formation des os longs nianomalie mĂ©taphysaire. L’analyse du gĂšne PHEX a consistĂ© en une Ă©tude des rĂ©gions codantes, des jonctions introns-exons etde la partie 3’UTR du gĂšne par sĂ©quençage haut-dĂ©bit et en une recherche de rĂ©arrangement par mĂ©thode Multiplex Ligationdependent Probe Amplification (MLPA). Une Ă©tude du transcrit sanguin a Ă©tĂ© rĂ©alisĂ©e par sĂ©quençage Sanger aprĂšs extractionde l’ARN du sang prĂ©levĂ© sur tube PAXGene Blood.RĂ©sultat : Le phĂ©notype biologique du cas index Ă©tait caractĂ©ristique, Ă  l’exception d’une absence d’élĂ©vation des PAL, enaccord avec la paucitĂ© des signes osseux. Aucune variation de sĂ©quence de PHEX n’a Ă©tĂ© identifiĂ©e par sĂ©quençage. La MLPAa montrĂ© une duplication incluant les exons 19 et 20 (hg19 chrX:g.[(22,239,764_22,244,622)_(22,245,641_22,263,498)dup]). LesĂ©quençage du transcrit mutant a rĂ©vĂ©lĂ© la prĂ©sence d’un exon 19 et d’un exon 20 surnumĂ©raires, sans dĂ©calage du cadre delecture d’aprĂšs les analyses in silico. Cette duplication a Ă©tĂ© identifiĂ©e chez plusieurs apparentĂ©s prĂ©sentant Ă©galement unphĂ©notype discret avec petite taille, douleurs osseuses, et AMI chez le frĂšre. Une duplication identique a Ă©tĂ© mise en Ă©videncedans un second cas index, appartenant Ă  la mĂȘme famille ; son pĂšre prĂ©sente une hypophosphatĂ©mie avec une tailleconservĂ©e.Conclusion : Nous rapportons une grande famille avec un nouveau variant de PHEX et un phĂ©notype modĂ©rĂ©d’hypophosphatĂ©mie liĂ©e Ă  l’X. Nous soulignons l’intĂ©rĂȘt de l’évaluation de la phosphatĂ©mie dans le bilan Ă©tiologique d’un retardde croissance. En l’absence de mutation dĂ©tectĂ©e par sĂ©quençage, une recherche des rĂ©arrangements de PHEX estnĂ©cessaire en cas de phĂ©notype biologique Ă©vocateur, mĂȘme en cas de phĂ©notype clinique discret

    When a maternal heterozygous mutation of the CYP24A1 gene leads to infantile hypercalcemia through a maternal uniparental disomy of chromosome 20

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    International audienceBackgroundInfantile hypercalcemia is an autosomal recessive disorder caused either by mutations in the CYP24A1 gene (20q13.2) or in the SLC34A1 gene (5q35.3). This disease is characterized by hypercalcemia, hypercalciuria and nephrocalcinosis in paediatric patients.Maternal uniparental disomy of chromosome 20 [UPD(20)mat], resulting in aberrant expression of imprinted transcripts at the GNAS locus, is a poorly characterized condition. UPD(20)mat patients manifest a phenotype similar to that of Silver-Russell syndrome and small for gestational age-short stature.Case presentationWe report here the genetic and clinical characterization of a male child with a phenotype of infantile hypercalcemia, postnatal growth retardation, and minor dysmorphic features. Genetic analysis using a next generation sequencing panel revealed a homozygous pathogenic variant of CYP24A1. The absence of the variant in the father led to microsatellite segregation analysis, suggestive of UPD. SNP-array revealed a large terminal copy neutral loss of heterozygosity leading to CYP24A1 homozygosity. SNP-array data of parent–child trio confirmed a UPD(20)mat responsible for both infantile hypercalcemia and Silver-Russell syndrome-like traits.ConclusionThis is the first report of uniparental disomy of chromosome 20 revealed by infantile hypercalcemia related to CYP24A1 biallelic homozygous variants, underlying the importance of controlling allelic segregation in cases of homozygosity

    Harmonization of Pulsed-Field Gel Electrophoresis Protocols for Epidemiological Typing of Strains of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus: a Single Approach Developed by Consensus in 10 European Laboratories and Its Application for Tracing the Spread of Related Strains

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    Pulsed-fieldgel electrophoresis (PFGE) is the most common genotypic method used in reference and clinical laboratories for typing methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Many different protocols have been developed in laboratories that have extensive experience with the technique and have established national databases. However, the comparabilities of the different European PFGE protocols for MRSA and of the various national MRSA clones themselves had not been addressed until now. This multinational European Union (EU) project has established for the first time a European database of representative epidemic MRSA (EMRSA) strains and has compared them by using a new “harmonized” PFGE protocol developed by a consensus approach that has demonstrated sufficient reproducibility to allow the successful comparison of pulsed-field gels between laboratories and the tracking of strains around the EU. In-house protocols from 10 laboratories in eight European countries were compared by each center with a “gold standard” or initial harmonized protocol in which many of the parameters had been standardized. The group found that it was not important to standardize some elements of the protocol, such as the type of agarose, DNA block preparation, and plug digestion. Other elements were shown to be critical, namely, a standard gel volume and concentration of agarose, the DNA concentration in the plug, the ionic strength and volume of running buffer used, the running temperature, the voltage, and the switching times of electrophoresis. A new harmonized protocol was agreed on, further modified in a pilot study in two laboratories, and finally tested by all others. Seven laboratories' gels were found to be of sufficiently good quality to allow comparison of the strains by using a computer software program, while two gels could not be analyzed because of inadequate destaining and DNA overloading. Good-quality gels and inclusion of an internal quality control strain are essential before attempting intercenter PFGE comparisons. A number of clonally related strains have been shown to be present in multiple countries throughout Europe. The well-known Iberian clone has been demonstrated in Belgium, Finland, France, Germany, and Spain (and from the wider HARMONY collection in Portugal, Slovenia, and Sweden). Strains from the United Kingdom (EMRSA-15 and -16) have been identified in several othercountries, and other clonally related strains have also been identified. This highlights the need for closer international collaboration to monitor the spread of current epidemic strains as well as the emergence of new ones
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