An analysis of the major factors shaping the tourism-related spending of senior citizens in Hungary

Ageing is one of the main social crises of the developed world. Predicted longer life expectancy and rising health mean that travel is playing a more decisive role in the ageing generation’s attitude to leisure time – even after retirement. The current study analyses the steep rise in senior tourism using multivariable methods to explore the characteristics of tourism spending by the 65s living in Hungary. Using the Hungarian Central Statistical Office’s (HCSO) dissemination database for 2009 to 2018, this study explores the characteristics of tourism spending as well as the factors influencing spending for seniors and all travellers. The structure of spending is evaluated using 17 types of spending and 12 travel dimensions. This study explores those factors that drive spending by Hungarian senior travellers that differ from those of average travellers. Exploring the features influencing tourism spending by the elderly taking multi-day domestic trips, we find that people over 65 spent a higher proportion on food, souvenirs and on the use of travel agents. Comparative study of the dimensions and outputs of multiday domestic trips found that four outputs generated a significant difference for all travellers and the elderly: those without a primary education (1), those living in settlements with between 2,000 and 5,000 inhabitants (2), those living in Heves County (3), and travellers to Veszprém County (4)

Lack of Dose- and Time-Dependent Effects of Aflatoxin B1 on Gene Expression and Enzymes Associated with Lipid Peroxidation and the Glutathione Redox System in Chicken

Effects of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) on lipid peroxidation and glutathione system were investigated in chicken liver. In a three-week feeding trial, different doses (<1.0 μg/kg (control diet), 17.0 µg (diet A1), 92.0 µg (diet A2), and 182.0 µg (diet A3) AFB1 kg/feed) were used. Markers of lipid peroxidation, conjugated dienes and trienes showed higher values in A3, while amounts of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances were increased in the A1 group at day 21. Glutathione content was lower at day 14 in Group A2. Glutathione peroxidase 4 activity was increased at days 7 and 21 in the A3 group but reduced in the A2 and A3 groups at day 14. The GPX4 gene was downregulated at day 7 in the A2 group, but overregulated at days 14 and 21, and at day 14 in the A3 group. GSS was downregulated at day 14 in the A1 group but overregulated at day 21 in A1 and A2 groups. GSR was downregulated at days 7 and 21 in all treatment groups, but on day 14, induction was observed in the A3 group. The results indicated that AFB1 did not induce dose- or time-dependent effects on the glutathione redox system and its encoding genes at the dose range used, which means that oxidative stress is not the primary effect of AFB1 toxicity

Effect of short-term aflatoxin exposure in combination with medicinal herb mixture on lipid peroxidation and glutathione redox system in laying hens

Aflatoxins are well known hepatotoxic mycotoxins, which mainly contaminate the cereal grains. Those induce lipid peroxidation and impair the antioxidant, including glutathione redox system in long-term studies. The purpose of present study was to investigate the short-term (36-hour) effect of feeding aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) contaminated diet alone or in combination with a medicinal herb mixture on lipid peroxidation (conjugated dienes and trienes, and malondialdehyde), and on parameters of the glutathione system (reduced glutathione and glutathione peroxidase) in blood plasma, red blood cell haemolysate, liver and kidney homogenate of 49-week old Bovans Goldline laying hens. The results revealed that AFB1 (125 m /kg feed) did not have effect on feed intake, body and liver weight, but increased malondialdehyde content was observed in blood plasma and red blood cell haemolysate as effect of feeding AFB1 and medicinal herb mixture at 36th hour of the trial. However, the same diet resulted in lower malondialdehyde content in liver, but not in kidney. Reduced glutathione concentrations showed variance among treatments; thus due to inclusion of medicinal herb mixture in the diet lower values were measured in red blood cell haemolysate. Glutathione peroxidase activity was significantly lower in all treated groups as compared to the control at 36th hour of the trial in blood plasma, but not in other tissues. The results are contradictory with previous findings, probably due to the short-term exposure, and/or to medicinal herb mixture supplementation as it could moderately modify the effect of AFB1

Substantial variation across geographic regions in the obesity prevalence among 6–8 years old Hungarian children (COSI Hungary 2016)

Abstract Background There have been previous representative nutritional status surveys conducted in Hungary, but this is the first one that examines overweight and obesity prevalence according to the level of urbanization and in different geographic regions among 6–8-year-old children. We also assessed whether these variations were different by sex. Methods This survey was part of the fourth data collection round of World Health Organization (WHO) Childhood Obesity Surveillance Initiative which took place during the academic year 2016/2017. The representative sample was determined by two-stage cluster sampling. A total of 5332 children (48.4% boys; age 7.54 ± 0.64 years) were measured from all seven geographic regions including urban (at least 500 inhabitants per square kilometer; n = 1598), semi-urban (100 to 500 inhabitants per square kilometer; n = 1932) and rural (less than 100 inhabitants per square kilometer; n = 1802) areas. Results Using the WHO reference, prevalence of overweight and obesity within the whole sample were 14.2, and 12.7%, respectively. According to the International Obesity Task Force (IOTF) reference, rates were 12.6 and 8.6%. Northern Hungary and Southern Transdanubia were the regions with the highest obesity prevalence of 11.0 and 12.0%, while Central Hungary was the one with the lowest obesity rate (6.1%). The prevalence of overweight and obesity tended to be higher in rural areas (13.0 and 9.8%) than in urban areas (11.9 and 7.0%). Concerning differences in sex, girls had higher obesity risk in rural areas (OR = 2.0) but boys did not. Odds ratios were 2.0–3.4 in different regions for obesity compared to Central Hungary, but only among boys. Conclusions Overweight and obesity are emerging problems in Hungary. Remarkable differences were observed in the prevalence of obesity by geographic regions. These variations can only be partly explained by geographic characteristics. Trial registration Study protocol was approved by the Scientific and Research Ethics Committee of the Medical Research Council (61158–2/2016/EKU)

TikTok and tics: the possible role of social media in the exacerbation of tics during the COVID lockdown

Háttér és cél – Az elmúlt év során világszerte többször jelentek meg újonnan kialakult vagy jelentôsen súlyosbodott tictüneteket mutató esetek, amelyeknél a klinikai kép vagy a tünetek bizonyos aspektusai nem feleltek meg a ticzavarok hivatalos kritériumainak. Célunk a saját gyakorlatunkban elôforduló atípusos esetek leírása és a felmerülô diagnosztikai problémák felvetése. Módszerek – Az egymás után megjelenô atípusos tic -eseteket dokumentáltuk. Eredmények – Öt atípusos ticesettel találkoztunk. Az esetek néhány közös jellegzetességgel rendelkeztek, kiemelten azzal, hogy az anamnézisben a ticek de novo kialakulását vagy exacerbációját megelôzôen a betegek tictüneteket néztek közösségi médiafelületeken. Megbeszélés – Habár az események sorrendje oksági kapcsolatra, ebbôl következôen funkcionális ticzavar diagnózisára utal, a funkcionális tünet diagnózisához nem állnak rendelkezésre egyértelmûen alkalmazható kritériumok. A neurodevelopmentális és funkcionális ticek elkülönítése gyermekkorban sok problémát vet fel. Következtetés – A differenciáldiagnosztikai hiányosságok miatt a beavatkozás nélküli betegkövetés és viselkedés -terápiás eszközök alkalmazása javasolt a szükségtelen gyógyszeres kezelés elkerülése érdekében