Caputia tomentosa

Caputia, a genus belonging to the daisy family, the Asteraceae, consists of just five species of succulents confined to South Africa and Swaziland. Caputia tomentosa (formerly Kleinia tomentosa or Senecio haworthii) is unique in the genus in having dense silvery-white persistent tomentum and disciform capitula (inflorescences). Its very long and complex taxonomic and nomenclatural history are outlined. Its habitat, natural distribution, ecology and cultivation are discussed, accompanied by a full description and specially commissioned reproduction of a watercolour painting

Aloidendron barberae

Aloidendron is a very small genus of seven tree aloes in the family Asphodelaceae, described as recently as 2013, ranging from South Africa to Mozambique, with a large disjunction to Somalia, Yemen and Saudi Arabia. Aloidendron barberae is recorded from South Africa, Swaziland and southern Mozambique. However, the records for Mozambique are queried here and it is suggested that these actually relate to its closest relative, Aloidendron tongaense, a smaller tree only 4-8 m tall, which may be endemic to Mozambique. Aloidendron barberae is the largest alooid, growing to 20 m tall and is copiously dichotomously branched. Its taxonomic and nomenclatural history are outlined. Its habitat, natural distribution, ecology and cultivation are discussed, accompanied by a full description and reproduction of a specially commissioned watercolour painting

Modeling the Subsurface Structure of Sunspots

While sunspots are easily observed at the solar surface, determining their subsurface structure is not trivial. There are two main hypotheses for the subsurface structure of sunspots: the monolithic model and the cluster model. Local helioseismology is the only means by which we can investigate subphotospheric structure. However, as current linear inversion techniques do not yet allow helioseismology to probe the internal structure with sufficient confidence to distinguish between the monolith and cluster models, the development of physically realistic sunspot models are a priority for helioseismologists. This is because they are not only important indicators of the variety of physical effects that may influence helioseismic inferences in active regions, but they also enable detailed assessments of the validity of helioseismic interpretations through numerical forward modeling. In this paper, we provide a critical review of the existing sunspot models and an overview of numerical methods employed to model wave propagation through model sunspots. We then carry out an helioseismic analysis of the sunspot in Active Region 9787 and address the serious inconsistencies uncovered by \citeauthor{gizonetal2009}~(\citeyear{gizonetal2009,gizonetal2009a}). We find that this sunspot is most probably associated with a shallow, positive wave-speed perturbation (unlike the traditional two-layer model) and that travel-time measurements are consistent with a horizontal outflow in the surrounding moat.Comment: 73 pages, 19 figures, accepted by Solar Physic

New combinations in the tribe Urgineeae (Asparagaceae subfam. Scilloideae) with comments on contrasting taxonomic treatments

As part of a taxonomic revision of tribe Urgineeae, and informed by morphological and phylogenetic evidence obtained in the last decade, we present 17 new combinations in Austronea, Indurgia, Schizobasis, Tenicroa, Thuranthos, Urgineopsis, and Vera-duthiea. These are for taxa recently described in Drimia sensu latissimo or otherwise named during the past century. We include type information for all considered taxa and designate lectotypes for Drimia pauciflora, Urginea salmonea and U. sebirii. We discuss recent analytic and synthetic approaches to taxonomic arrangements for the Urgineeae and reinforce the support of an analytic treatment that recognises several genera characterised by distinct syndromes of morphological characters, biogeography and molecular evidence

Molecular phylogenetics of subfamily Urgineoideae (Hyacinthaceae): Toward a coherent generic circumscription informed by molecular, morphological, and distributional data

The taxonomy and systematics of Urgineoideae (Hyacinthaceae) have been controversial in recent decades, with contrasting taxonomic treatments proposed based on preliminary and partial studies that have focused on morphology and/or solely plastid DNA sequence data. Some authors have recognized only two genera, with a very broadly conceived Drimia, while others have accepted several genera that, although better defined morphologically, were doubtfully monophyletic. Here, we present phylogenetic analyses involving four plastid DNA regions (trnL intron, trnL-F spacer, matK, and the trnCGCA-ycf6 intergenic region), a nuclear region (Agt1), and a selection of 40 morphological characters. Our study covers 293 samples and ca. 160 species of Urgineoideae (ca. 80% of its global diversity). Bayesian inference, maximum likelihood, and maximum parsimony analyses were performed to derive the phylogenetic patterns. The combination of data yielded phylogenetic trees with 31 well-defined clades or lineages, most corresponding to previously described genera, although some have required description or revised circumscription. As with other monocot families, a considerable degree of homoplasy was observed in morphological characters, especially in those groups with unspecialized flowers; nonetheless, consistent syndromes of traditional and novel characters are shown to support clade recognition at genus rank. The forthcoming revised classification of Urgineoideae is outlined here

In vitro culture of Mondia whitei (Periplocaceae), a threatened Zulu medicinal plant

Single-node expiants of Mondia whitei (Hook.f.) Skeels derived from in vitro cultured seedlings were used to produce rooted plant-lets on the medium of Murashige and Skoog (1962) supplemented with 1 mgl−1 BA, both in the absence and presence of charcoal, and solidified with 0.3% w/v Gelrite. Eighty five percent of the plants were successfully hardened off under a 20/4h light/dark photoperiod and conditions of 80–100% humidity. M. whitei is a highly prized and consequently over-exploited Zulu medicinal plant which is destructively harvested for its strongly aromatic roots. These are used for both their medicinal and food spice attributes. This micropropagation protocol allows for ca. 2000 plantlets to be produced from a single seed following 7 to 8 subcultures at 4 to 6week intervals

In vitro propagation of a number of South African Oxalis species

Plantlets and bulbs of four herbaceous South African Oxalis species (O. reclinata Jacq., O. variifolia Steud., O. helicoides Salter and O. gracilis Jacq.) were regenerated in vitro from stem internode explants on a modified Murashige & Skoog basal medium. Phytohormone addenda were either 5mg I−1 α-napthaleneacetic acid (NAA) and 0.5mg I−1 6-(benzylamino)purine, or 2mg I−1 NAA and 0.1mg I−1 6-(furfurylamino)purine. Organogenesis was much better at 10°C than at 25°C. At the lower temperature, plantlets of O. helicoides flowered in vitro