Desenvolvimento de um Índice de Qualidade da Dieta Adaptado para Gestantes

OBJETIVO: Desenvolver um Índice de Qualidade da Dieta Adaptado para Gestantes (IQDAG) e avaliar sua relação com características de mulheres atendidas pelo Sistema Único de Saúde. MÉTODOS: Os dados de consumo alimentar são provenientes de um estudo transversal conduzido entre 785 gestantes adultas do município de Ribeirão Preto, SP, entre 2011 e 2012. A elaboração do índice foi baseada nas recomendações do Ministério da Saúde, em índices dietéticos nacionais prévios e no novo Guia Alimentar para a População Brasileira. Para descrever a qualidade da dieta segundo as características maternas, foram empregados os testes ANOVA, Kruskal-Wallis e qui-quadrado. RESULTADOS: O IQDAG apresenta nove componentes, sendo representados por três grupos de alimentos (em porções/1.000 kcal); cinco nutrientes; e um componente moderador. Elevada proporção de gestantes atingiu a pontuação máxima para os componentes leguminosas e hortaliças. Porém, poucas mulheres atingiram a pontuação máxima para o consumo de frutas frescas, ingestão de fibras, ômega 3, cálcio, folato, ferro e alimentos ultraprocessados. Verificou-se melhor qualidade da dieta entre gestantes de maior idade, eutróficas, que relataram praticar mais tempo de atividade física e que faziam uso de suplementos dietéticos. A maior pontuação do índice também foi observada entre as mulheres com maior ingestão de carboidratos, proteínas, vitaminas C, E e A, e dos minerais cálcio, folato e ferro, bem como entre aquelas com menor ingestão de gorduras totais e gorduras saturadas. CONCLUSÕES: O presente índice dietético foi inédito ao incorporar a recomendação do novo Guia Alimentar para a População Brasileira quanto à moderação do consumo de alimentos ultraprocessados. Demonstrou-se útil na avaliação da qualidade da dieta de gestantes e uma maior pontuação foi verificada entre mulheres de maior idade, eutróficas e que relataram um estilo de vida saudável. Estratégias de promoção do consumo de frutas frescas, alimentos ricos em fibras, ômega 3, cálcio, folato, ferro e minimamente processados em gestantes são necessárias.OBJECTIVE: To develop a Diet Quality Index Adapted for Pregnant Women (IQDAG) and to evaluate its relation with the characteristics of women treated at the Brazilian Unified Health System. METHODS: The data on food intake come from a cross-sectional study carried out with 785 adult pregnant women in the city of Ribeirão Preto, state of São Paulo, Brazil, between 2011 and 2012. The index was based on the recommendations of the Brazilian Ministry of Health, previous national dietary indexes, and the new Dietary Guidelines for the Brazilian Population. We used the ANOVA, Kruskal-Wallis, and chi-square tests to describe the quality of the diet according to the characteristics of the mother. RESULTS: The IQDAG has nine components, and it is represented by three food groups (in servings/1,000 kcal), five nutrients, and a moderator component. A high proportion of pregnant women reached the maximum score for the components of legumes and vegetables. However, few women reached the maximum score for consumption of fresh fruits, fiber, omega-3, calcium, folate, iron, and ultra-processed foods. We verified a better quality of diet among older and eutrophic pregnant women who reported practicing more physical activity and taking dietary supplements. We also observed the highest index score among women with higher intake of carbohydrates, proteins, vitamins C, E, and A, and minerals calcium, folate, and iron, as well as among those with lower intake of total fats and saturated fats. CONCLUSIONS: This dietary index is unprecedented in incorporating the recommendation of the new Dietary Guidelines for the Brazilian Population regarding the moderation of the consumption of ultra-processed foods. It was useful in evaluating the quality of the diet of pregnant women and we verified a higher score among older and eutrophic women who reported a healthy lifestyle. Strategies are needed to promote a higher consumption of fresh fruits, foods high in fiber, omega-3, calcium, folate, iron, and minimally processed foods in pregnant women

Padrões alimentares de gestantes, excesso de peso materno e diabetes gestacional

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the relationship between the dietary patterns of pregnant women with maternal excessive body weight and gestational diabetes mellitus . METHODS: A cross-sectional study conducted with a convenience sample of 785 adult pregnant women attended by the Unified Health System of Ribeirão Preto, state of São Paulo, between 2011 and 2012. Two 24-hour dietary recalls, corrected by the multiple source method, were employed. For the classification of the body mass index and the diagnosis of gestational diabetes mellitus, the criteria by Atalah and the World Health Organization were used, respectively. Dietary patterns were obtained by principal component analysis using the Varimax rotation method. The relationship between adherence to patterns, overweight and obesity was analyzed by multinomial logistic regression models and the relationship with gestational diabetes mellitus by adjusted unconditional logistic regression models. RESULTS: We identified four dietary patterns: “traditional Brazilian”; “snacks”; “coffee” and “healthy”. Women with a higher adherence to the “Healthy” (OR = 0.52; 95%CI 0.33–0.83) and “Brazilian Traditional” patterns (OR = 0.61; 95%CI 0.38–0.96) presented a lower chance of obesity, when compared to women with lower adherence, regardless of confounding factors. After adjustment for maternal excessive body weight, there was no association between dietary patterns and gestational diabetes mellitus. CONCLUSIONS: Among the pregnant women, greater adherence to “traditional Brazilian” and “healthy” patterns was inversely associated with obesity, but no relationship was identified with gestational diabetes mellitus after adjusting for excessive body weight. Prospective studies are recommended to investigate the relationship between dietary patterns, overweight and gestational diabetes mellitus, reducing the chance of reverse causalityOBJETIVO: Investigar a relação entre os padrões alimentares de gestantes com o excesso de peso materno e o diabetes mellitus gestacional. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal conduzido em uma amostra de conveniência de 785 gestantes adultas atendidas pelo Sistema Único de Saúde de Ribeirão Preto, SP, entre 2011 e 2012. Dois inquéritos recordatórios de 24 horas, corrigidos pelo multiple source method, foram empregados. Para a classificação do índice de massa corporal e do diagnóstico do diabetes mellitus gestacional, utilizou-se os critérios de Atalah e da Organização Mundial da Saúde, respectivamente. Os padrões alimentares foram obtidos por análise de componentes principais, utilizando o método de rotação Varimax. A relação entre a adesão aos padrões e sobrepeso e obesidade foi analisada por modelos de regressão logística multinomial e a relação entre adesão aos padrões e diabetes mellitus gestacional, por modelos de regressão logística não condicional ajustados. RESULTADOS: Identificamos quatro padrões alimentares: “tradicional brasileiro”; “lanches”; “café” e “saudável”. Observou-se que mulheres com maior adesão ao padrão “saudável” (OR = 0,52; IC95% 0,33–0,83) e “tradicional brasileiro” (OR = 0,61; IC95% 0,38–0,96) apresentaram menor chance de obesidade que as mulheres com menor adesão, independentemente de fatores de confusão. Após ajuste pelo excesso de peso materno, não houve associação entre os padrões alimentares e o diabetes mellitus gestacional. CONCLUSÕES: Entre as gestantes, a maior adesão aos padrões “tradicional brasileiro” e “saudável” foi inversamente associada à obesidade, mas nenhuma relação foi identificada com o diabetes mellitus gestacional após ajuste pelo excesso de peso. Estudos prospectivos são recomendados para investigar a relação entre padrões alimentares e excesso de peso e diabetes mellitus gestacional, reduzindo a chance de causalidade reversa

The role of food processing in the inflammatory potential of diet during pregnancy

The aim was to investigate the relationship between the energy contribution (E%) of foods according to the degree of industrial processing and the energy-adjusted dietary inflammatory index (E-DII) in pregnancy. Two 24-hour dietary recalls were obtained from each of the 784 pregnant women. Adjusted linear regression models allowed observing an inverse association between E-DII scores and E% from minimally processed foods β = -0.049 (95%CI -0.055– -0.042) and a direct association with the E% of ultra-processed foods β = 0.052 (95%CI 0.045–0.058), indicating a relationship between the dietary inflammatory potential and the degree of industrial processing of foods

Relação entre ferro e folato dietético e a qualidade da dieta materna

  Introduction: During pregnancy, there are numerous changes that permeate a woman's life. Thus, it is essential to know the habits and patterns of food consumption in order to develop strategies that clarify the care and attention in an integrative way during pregnancy. Objective: To evaluate the correlation between maternal intake of dietary iron and folate and the Dietary Quality Index Adapted for Pregnant Women (IQDAG). Methods: This was a cross-sectional study conducted among 198 pregnant women in the city of Lavras, Minas Gerais, Brazil.  Sociodemographic information was collected through a structured questionnaire and the obstetric and anthropometric data were obtained from the pregnant women's prenatal card. Dietary intake was estimated by reporting a usual day's diet of the women and the quality of the diet was assessed using the IQDAG. The Kruskal-Wallis statistical test was used for comparison of sociodemographic, obstetric and anthropometric characteristics, as well as for comparison of the mean values of dietary iron and folate intake in the different tercis of the IQDAG. Results: The mean age of the pregnant women was 27 ± 5.98 years. Most women had complete high school education (48.5%); family income between 1 and 2 minimum wages (49.5%); had not planned pregnancy (62.6%) and were multiparous (55.3%). The mean IQDAG score was 62.32 ± 13.97. Pregnant women with higher iron and folate intake had higher IQDAG score (better diet quality) (r = 0.31; p < 0.001; r = 0.33; p < 0.001, respectively), even without the use of supplementation.  Conclusions: The IQDAG can be considered a useful tool in assessing the diet quality of pregnant women, regardless of the use of iron and folate supplements, because dietary intake of these nutrients was positively correlated with diet quality.Introdução: Durante a gestação, são inúmeras as mudanças que permeiam a vida da mulher. Desta forma é fundamental conhecer os hábitos e padrões de consumo alimentar, a fim de elaborar estratégias que elucidem o cuidado e atenção de forma integrativa no período gestacional. Objetivo: Avaliar a correlação entre ingestão materna de ferro e folato dietético e o Índice de Qualidade da Dieta Adaptado para Gestantes (IQDAG). Métodos: Estudo transversal conduzido com 198 gestantes adultas atendidas no município de Lavras - MG.  Foram coletadas informações sociodemográficas através de um questionário estruturado, e os dados obstétricos e antropométricos foram obtidos do cartão de pré-natal das gestantes. O consumo alimentar foi estimado por meio do relato de um dia habitual da dieta e a qualidade da dieta foi avaliada empregando-se o IQDAG. Utilizou-se o teste estatístico Kruskal-Wallis para comparação de características sociodemográficas, obstétricas e antropométricas, como também para a comparação dos valores médios de ingestão de ferro e folato dietético nos diferentes tercis do IQDAG. Resultados: A média de idade das gestantes foi de 27 anos±5,98. A maioria das mulheres apresentavam ensino médio completo (48,5%); renda familiar entre 1 e 2 salários mínimos (49,5%); não planejaram a gestação (62,6%) e era multípara (55,3%). O valor de pontuação média do IQDAG foi de 62,32±13,97. Gestantes com maior ingestão de ferro e folato apresentaram maior pontuação do IQDAG (melhor qualidade da dieta) (r= 0,31; p<0,001; r= 0,33; p<0,001, respectivamente), mesmo sem o uso da suplementação. Conclusões:  O IQDAG pode ser considerado uma ferramenta útil na avaliação da qualidade da dieta de gestantes, independente do uso de suplementos de ferro e folato, pois a ingestão dietética desses nutrientes foi positivamente correlacionada à qualidade da dieta

Estimating of folate in the diet of pregnant women: the role of flour fortification and dietary supplement.

Objetivos: Estimar a prevalência de inadequação da ingestão de folato alimentar, assim como analisar esta prevalência considerando o ácido fólico proveniente da fortificação de alimentos em gestantes adultas. Casuística e métodos: Estudo observacional, com análise secundária de dados provenientes de um estudo prospectivo conduzido entre 103 gestantes usuárias de Unidades Básicas de Saúde (UBS) do município de Ribeirão Preto, SP. Foram incluídas no presente estudo todas as gestantes que apresentaram dados completos referentes ao consumo alimentar ao longo da gestação, totalizando 82 mulheres. Os dados dietéticos foram obtidos por meio de três inquéritos recordatórios de 24 horas (IR24H), durante a gravidez. A distribuição da ingestão habitual do folato alimentar e folato dietético, que corresponde ao folato alimentar adicionado ao ácido fólico proveniente da fortificação dos alimentos, foi ajustada pelo método do National Research Council (1986). Para estimar a prevalência de inadequação do nutriente empregou-se o método do requerimento médio estimado - Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) como ponto de corte. Resultados: Verificou-se que 100% das gestantes avaliadas não atingiram as recomendações nutricionais estabelecidas para o nutriente (EAR = 520 g DFE), quando foi considerado somente o folato alimentar. Ao analisar a ingestão do folato dietético, a prevalência de inadequação observada foi de 94%. Conclusão: As prevalências de inadequação da ingestão de folato alimentar, assim como a do folato dietético mostraram-se elevadas, identificando-se que a fortificação das farinhas com ácido fólico não repercutiu em melhoria da disponibilidade desta vitamina.Objectives: To estimate the prevalence of inadequacy intake of food folate as well as analyze this prevalence considering the folic acid from flour fortification in pregnant woman. Methods: Observational study, with secondary analysis of data from a prospective study conducted among 103 pregnant women users of the Basic Health Units (BHU) of Ribeirão Preto, Brazil. Were included in this study all women who had complete data on the dietary intake during pregnancy, on total 82 women. Dietary data were obtained using three 24-hour dietary recalls (IR24H) during pregnancy. The distribution of the usual dietary intake of food folate and dietary folate, which corresponds to food folate added to the folic acid from the flour fortification, has been adjusted by the method of the National Research Council (1986). To estimate the prevalence of nutrient inadequacy employed the method of the estimated average requirement - Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) as the cutoff point. Results: It was found that 100% of pregnant women reported inadequate dietary intakes of food folate. Considering the intake of dietary folate, the prevalence of inadequacy observed was 94%. Conclusion: The prevalence of inadequacy intake of food folate, as well as the dietary folate were high, identifying the fortification of flour with folic acid did had little impact in improving the availability of this vitamin

Development of a Diet Quality Index Adapted for Pregnant Women

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE: To develop a Diet Quality Index Adapted for Pregnant Women (IQDAG) and to evaluate its relation with the characteristics of women treated at the Brazilian Unified Health System. METHODS: The data on food intake come from a cross-sectional study carried out with 785 adult pregnant women in the city of Ribeirão Preto, state of São Paulo, Brazil, between 2011 and 2012. The index was based on the recommendations of the Brazilian Ministry of Health, previous national dietary indexes, and the new Dietary Guidelines for the Brazilian Population. We used the ANOVA, Kruskal-Wallis, and chi-square tests to describe the quality of the diet according to the characteristics of the mother. RESULTS: The IQDAG has nine components, and it is represented by three food groups (in servings/1,000 kcal), five nutrients, and a moderator component. A high proportion of pregnant women reached the maximum score for the components of legumes and vegetables. However, few women reached the maximum score for consumption of fresh fruits, fiber, omega-3, calcium, folate, iron, and ultra-processed foods. We verified a better quality of diet among older and eutrophic pregnant women who reported practicing more physical activity and taking dietary supplements. We also observed the highest index score among women with higher intake of carbohydrates, proteins, vitamins C, E, and A, and minerals calcium, folate, and iron, as well as among those with lower intake of total fats and saturated fats. CONCLUSIONS: This dietary index is unprecedented in incorporating the recommendation of the new Dietary Guidelines for the Brazilian Population regarding the moderation of the consumption of ultra-processed foods. It was useful in evaluating the quality of the diet of pregnant women and we verified a higher score among older and eutrophic women who reported a healthy lifestyle. Strategies are needed to promote a higher consumption of fresh fruits, foods high in fiber, omega-3, calcium, folate, iron, and minimally processed foods in pregnant women

Relationship between minimally and ultra-processed food intake during pregnancy with obesity and gestational diabetes mellitus

This study aimed to investigate the relationship between food intake (considering the nature, extent, and purpose of food processing) during pregnancy and overweight, obesity, and gestational diabetes mellitus conditions. This is a cross-sectional study conducted among 785 adult women in singleton pregnancies (between 24th and 39th weeks of gestation) in Brazil. Usual food intake was estimated by the Multiple Source Method, using two 24-hour dietary recalls. The food groups of interest in this study were the unprocessed or minimally processed foods and ultra-processed foods. The World Health Organization criteria for the diagnosis of gestational diabetes mellitus and the Atalah criteria for excess weight were used. Adjusted multinomial logistic regression models were used to assess the relationship between energy contribution (%E) from foods with overweight and obesity conditions and, adjusted logistic regression models for gestational diabetes mellitus. In total, 32.1% participants were overweight, 24.6% were obese, and 17.7% of women were diagnosed with gestational diabetes mellitus . After adjustments, an inverse association between the highest tertile of %E from the intake of unprocessed or minimally processed foods and obesity was found [0.49 (0.30-0.79)]. Moreover, a positive association between the highest tertile of %E from ultra-processed food intake [3.06 (1.27-3.37)] and obesity was observed. No association between food intake (considering the nature, extent, and purpose of food processing) during pregnancy and overweight or gestational diabetes mellitus was found. The findings suggest a role of food processing in obesity but not in gestational diabetes mellitus. Further research is warranted to provide robust evidence on the relationship between the role of processed foods in obesity and gestational diabetes mellitus