Análisis de las estrategias de exportación de vino: el caso chileno en países emergentes

47 p.La industria del vino ha ido en aumento en cuanto a volumen y valor del vino exportado. Chile como país exportador de vino ha logrado situarse entre los principales países exportadores del mundo, siendo el cuarto a nivel mundial y el primero entre los países del nuevo mundo. En esta investigación se analizaron las ventajas competitivas, asociadas a la estructura de los costos arancelarios y los costos por litro de vino (Costo de compra de uva, costo de producción y comercialización y el costo seco). Además se realizó un análisis de la cadena de valor, en el cual se analizaron las actividades en la producción primaria, la industria de vinificación y la comercialización. Posteriormente se generaron recomendaciones de posicionamiento del sector vitivinícola chileno. Al analizar las ventajas competitivas se comparó el modelo exportador vitivinícola de Chile, con el de Argentina y Australia, ya que estos pertenecen a los países del nuevo mundo y están el mismo hemisferio y poseen casi los mismos mercados de exportación. En el primer análisis Chile resulto ser el país más competitivo por tener menores costos arancelarios y costos por litro de vino que Argentina y Australia. Lo que le da Chile una ventaja competitiva en las exportaciones. En el análisis de la cadena de valor de la producción primaria Chile, Argentina y Australia presentan ventajas en sus variedades insignia por las características propias y el volumen de producción, solo que Chile no es la variedad que más produce a diferencia de sus competidores que la mayor variedad producida es la insignia. En la industria de vinificación los vinos producidos se comercializan de dos formas fraccionadas y a granel, obteniendo más valor el primero, Chile y Argentina más del 50% son vinos fraccionados y en Australia más del 50% es a granel. En cuanto a tecnología e integración de viñedos los tres países presentan las mismas condiciones, las cuales influyen en la calidad del vino producido, pero se diferencian en cuanto a productividad de la mano de obra y los sistemas de conducción empleados. En la comercialización de vino Chile tiene volúmenes de venta similares entre sus principales importadores, mientras que Argentina y Australia concentran más volúmenes ventas en los dos principales países importadores. Al generar la recomendación de posicionamiento, se basó según las deficiencias y las ventajas observadas en el análisis de competitividad y en la cadena de valor, proporcionando recomendaciones para potenciar las ventajas y disminuir las deficiencias en las exportaciones vitivinícolas de Chile./ABSTRACT: The wine industry has been increasing both volume and value of its exported wine. Chile, as a wine exporting country, has managed to become one of the world's leading exporters, the fourth largest in the world and the first within the new world. In this research the competitive advantages associated to the structure of tariff costs and the costs per liter of wine were analyzed (Purchase costs of grapes, production costs and commercialization and dry costs). In addition, a value chain analysis was carried out, in which the primary production activities, the wine industry and commercialization were analyzed. Subsequently, recommendations were made for the positioning of the Chilean wine sector. While analyzing the competitive advantages, Chile's export model was compared to Argentina’s and Australia’s, since these belong to the new world countries and are in the same hemisphere and have almost the same export markets. In the first analysis Chile proved to be the most competitive country due to lower tariff costs and lower costs per liter of wine than Argentina and Australia. This gives Chile a competitive exporting advantage. In the analysis of the value chain of primary production, all three countries present advantages in their flagship varieties due to their own characteristics and volume of production. However, Argentina and Australia produce significantly more of their flagship variety than the other varieties they produce. In the winemaking industry, the wines produced are sold in two forms, fractional and bulk, with the first being worth more. In Chile and Argentina more than 50% of the production is fractionated wines, whereas in Australia more than 50% is produced in bulk. In terms of technology and integration of vineyards, the three countries have similar conditions, which influence the quality of the wine produced. However, they differ in workforce productivity and the managing systems used. As for the marketing of wine, Chile has similar sales volumes among its main importers, while Argentina and Australia concentrate more sales volume in their two main importing countries. The market positioning recommendation of this thesis was based on the deficiencies and advantages observed in the analysis of competitiveness and in the value chain, suggesting ways to enhance the advantages and reduce the deficiencies in Chilean wine exports

Impact of Olive Extract Addition on Corn Starch-Based Active Edible Films Properties for Food Packaging Applications

Active edible films based on corn starch containing glycerol as a plasticizer and an olive extract obtained from Spanish olive fruit (Olea europaea) by-products (olive extract; OE) at different concentrations (0, 0.05, 0.1 and 0.2 wt%) were prepared by using the casting technique and further solvent-evaporation. OE showed high total phenolic and flavonoids contents and antioxidant activity, which was evaluated by using three different methods: free radical scavenging assay by (1, 1-Dipheny l-2-picrylhydrazyl) DPPH, 2, 2-Azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) ABTS radical inhibition and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP). The incorporation of OE into the corn starch/glycerol matrix underlined the antioxidant potential and antimicrobial effect against E. coli and S. aureus of these novel active films, being noticeable for films added with 0.2 wt% OE. The developed active films showed a clear thermo-oxidative stability improvement with OE incorporation, in particular at 0.2 wt% loading with an increase of around 50 °C in the initial degradation temperature (Tini) and oxidation onset temperature (OOT). The functional properties of control films were also improved with OE addition resulting in a decrease in Young´s modulus, elongation at break, shore D hardness and water vapor permeability. The present work suggested the potential of the developed corn starch-based edible films as low-price and sustainable food packaging systems to prevent the oxidative deterioration of packaged foodstuff while reducing also the generation of olive by-products

Trends and outcome of neoadjuvant treatment for rectal cancer: a retrospective analysis and critical assessment of a 10-year prospective national registry on behalf of the Spanish Rectal Cancer Project

Introduction: Preoperative treatment and adequate surgery increase local control in rectal cancer. However, modalities and indications for neoadjuvant treatment may be controversial. Aim of this study was to assess the trends of preoperative treatment and outcomes in patients with rectal cancer included in the Rectal Cancer Registry of the Spanish Associations of Surgeons. Method: This is a STROBE-compliant retrospective analysis of a prospective database. All patients operated on with curative intention included in the Rectal Cancer Registry were included. Analyses were performed to compare the use of neoadjuvant/adjuvant treatment in three timeframes: I)2006e2009; II) 2010e2013; III)2014e2017. Survival analyses were run for 3-year survival in timeframes I-II. Results: Out of 14,391 patients,8871 (61.6%) received neoadjuvant treatment. Long-course chemo/ radiotherapy was the most used approach (79.9%), followed by short-course radiotherapy ± chemo- therapy (7.6%). The use of neoadjuvant treatment for cancer of the upper third (15-11 cm) increased over time (31.5%vs 34.5%vs 38.6%,p ¼ 0.0018). The complete regression rate slightly increased over time (15.6% vs 16% vs 18.5%; p ¼ 0.0093); the proportion of patients with involved circumferential resection margins (CRM) went down from 8.2% to 7.3%and 5.5% (p ¼ 0.0004). Neoadjuvant treatment significantly decreased positive CRM in lower third tumors (OR 0.71, 0.59e0.87, Cochrane-Mantel-Haenszel P ¼ 0.0008). Most ypN0 patients also received adjuvant therapy. In MR-defined stage III patients, pre- operative treatment was associated with significantly longer local-recurrence-free survival (p < 0.0001), and cancer-specific survival (p < 0.0001). The survival benefit was smaller in upper third cancers. Conclusion: There was an increasing trend and a potential overuse of neoadjuvant treatment in cancer of the upper rectum. Most ypN0 patients received postoperative treatment. Involvement of CRM in lower third tumors was reduced after neoadjuvant treatment. Stage III and MRcN þ benefited the most. © 2020 Elsevier Ltd, BASO ~ The Association for Cancer Surgery, and the European Society of Surgica

Development and validation of a clinical score to estimate progression to severe or critical state in Covid-19 pneumonia hospitalized patients

The prognosis of a patient with Covid-19 pneumonia is uncertain. Our objective was to establish a predictive model of disease progression to facilitate early decision-making. A retrospective study was performed of patients admitted with Covid-19 pneumonia, classified as severe (admission to the intensive care unit, mechanic invasive ventilation, or death) or non-severe. A predictive model based on clinical, analytical, and radiological parameters was built. The probability of progression to severe disease was estimated by logistic regression analysis. Calibration and discrimination (receiver operating characteristics curves and AUC) were assessed to determine model performance. During the study period 1,152 patients presented with Covid-19 infection, of whom 229 (19.9%) were admitted for pneumonia. During hospitalization, 51 (22.3%) progressed to severe disease, of whom 26 required ICU care (11.4); 17 (7.4%) underwent invasive mechanical ventilation, and 32 (14%) died of any cause. Five predictors determined within 24 hours of admission were identified: Diabetes, Age, Lymphocyte count, SaO2, and pH (DALSH score). The prediction model showed a good clinical performance, including discrimination (AUC 0.87 CI 0.81, 0.92) and calibration (Brier score = 0.11). In total, 0%, 12%, and 50% of patients with severity risk scores ≤5%, 6-25%, and >25% exhibited disease progression, respectively. A simple risk score based on five factors predicts disease progression and facilitates early decision-making according to prognosis.Carlos III Health Institute, Spain, Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (SPAIN) and the European Regional Development Fund (FEDER)Instituto de Salud Carlos II

Rendimiento de grano en trigo modificado por cambios en la fuente durante el llenado de grano

El objetivo del presente trabajo fue evaluar el efecto de la limitación de la fuente durante la etapa de llenado de grano (antesis a madurez fisiológica) sobre los componentes fisiológicos y numéricos del rendimiento de trigo mediante defoliación y estrés hídrico. Los experimentos se llevaron a cabo en el ciclo verano-otoño 2013 (temporal; experimento 1) e invierno-primavera 2013-2014 (riego; experimento 2) en Toluca, México, a una densidad de 350 semillas m -2 y una dosis de fertilización de 200-60-30 (N-P-K); en ambos experimentos los tratamientos para reducir la fuente fueron impuestos en antesis. En el experimento 1 se estudiaron 60 líneas elite (CIMCOG) y dos tratamientos de reducción de fuente (defoliado y sin defoliar), bajo un diseño de parcelas divididas con dos repeticiones. El experimento 2 consistió de 20 genotipos seleccionados del experimento 1 y sometidos a dos regímenes hídricos (riego y sequía) en un diseño de bloques completos al azar con tres repeticiones en donde cada régimen de agua se consideró un ambiente. Se realizaron análisis de varianza de acuerdo al modelo utilizado para evaluar el efecto de los tratamientos sobre las variables respuesta. Los resultados mostraron que las condiciones de estrés (defoliación y sequía) afectaron significativamente el rendimiento de grano y sus componentes. Se observó una respuesta diferencial en el comportamiento de los genotipos en ambos experimentos. El rendimiento de grano fue menos afectado por defoliación y más drásticamente por sequía a través de reducciones en el número de granos y el peso individual de los mismos

Grain and Flour Wheat Quality Modified by Genotype, Availability of Nitrogen, and Growing Season

The objective of the present study was to determine physical and chemical parameters that determine grain and flour quality of wheat grown in Mexico’s highlands (Toluca, Estado de Mexico) as a response of nitrogen fertilization and growing season. Experiments were carried out in winter-spring 2010 (irrigation) and summer-autumn 2011 (rainfed) season cycles. Nine wheat cultivars were tested under four levels of nitrogen fertilization (N00, N100, N200, and N300 kg N·ha−1) with a population density of 336 seeds m−2. For each growing season and N rate, three replications were performed for each experiment under a randomized complete block design. Best quality indexes were obtained in the winter-spring cycle as a result of genetic variability. Nitrogen availability modified significantly some quality parameters (grain and flour protein, test weight, and hardness) obtaining the highest values at a rate of 100 kg N·ha−1. On the other hand, volume of sedimentation showed positive effects only at a rate of 300 kg N·ha−1. This rate showed positive effects on grain and flour protein, sedimentation volume, and hardness during the summer-autumn cycle. Eneida F94, Tollocan F2005, and Urbina S2007 cultivars presented the highest grain and flour protein content of tested varieties. Finally, Eneida F94 and Tollocan F2005 presented the highest test weight and flour percentage

Effect of COVID-19 pandemic lockdowns on planned cancer surgery for 15 tumour types in 61 countries: an international, prospective, cohort study

Background Surgery is the main modality of cure for solid cancers and was prioritised to continue during COVID-19 outbreaks. This study aimed to identify immediate areas for system strengthening by comparing the delivery of elective cancer surgery during the COVID-19 pandemic in periods of lockdown versus light restriction. Methods This international, prospective, cohort study enrolled 20 006 adult (≥18 years) patients from 466 hospitals in 61 countries with 15 cancer types, who had a decision for curative surgery during the COVID-19 pandemic and were followed up until the point of surgery or cessation of follow-up (Aug 31, 2020). Average national Oxford COVID-19 Stringency Index scores were calculated to define the government response to COVID-19 for each patient for the period they awaited surgery, and classified into light restrictions (index 60). The primary outcome was the non-operation rate (defined as the proportion of patients who did not undergo planned surgery). Cox proportional-hazards regression models were used to explore the associations between lockdowns and non-operation. Intervals from diagnosis to surgery were compared across COVID-19 government response index groups. This study was registered at ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT04384926. Findings Of eligible patients awaiting surgery, 2003 (10·0%) of 20 006 did not receive surgery after a median follow-up of 23 weeks (IQR 16–30), all of whom had a COVID-19-related reason given for non-operation. Light restrictions were associated with a 0·6% non-operation rate (26 of 4521), moderate lockdowns with a 5·5% rate (201 of 3646; adjusted hazard ratio [HR] 0·81, 95% CI 0·77–0·84; p<0·0001), and full lockdowns with a 15·0% rate (1775 of 11 827; HR 0·51, 0·50–0·53; p<0·0001). In sensitivity analyses, including adjustment for SARS-CoV-2 case notification rates, moderate lockdowns (HR 0·84, 95% CI 0·80–0·88; p<0·001), and full lockdowns (0·57, 0·54–0·60; p<0·001), remained independently associated with non-operation. Surgery beyond 12 weeks from diagnosis in patients without neoadjuvant therapy increased during lockdowns (374 [9·1%] of 4521 in light restrictions, 317 [10·4%] of 3646 in moderate lockdowns, 2001 [23·8%] of 11 827 in full lockdowns), although there were no differences in resectability rates observed with longer delays. Interpretation Cancer surgery systems worldwide were fragile to lockdowns, with one in seven patients who were in regions with full lockdowns not undergoing planned surgery and experiencing longer preoperative delays. Although short-term oncological outcomes were not compromised in those selected for surgery, delays and non-operations might lead to long-term reductions in survival. During current and future periods of societal restriction, the resilience of elective surgery systems requires strengthening, which might include protected elective surgical pathways and long-term investment in surge capacity for acute care during public health emergencies to protect elective staff and services

Ellagic acid production using polyphenols from orange peel waste by submerged fermentation

Background Biotechnological processes are part of modern industry as well as stricter environmental requirements. The need to reduce production costs and pollution demands for alternatives that involve the integral use of agro-industrial waste to produce bioactive compounds. The citrus industry generates large amounts of wastes due to the destruction of the fruits by microorganisms and insects together with the large amounts of orange waste generated during the production of juice and for sale fresh. The aim of this study was used orange wastes rich in polyphenolic compounds can be used as source carbon of Aspergillus fumigatus MUM 1603 to generate high added value compounds, for example, ellagic acid and other molecules of polyphenolic origin through submerged fermentation system. Results The orange peel waste had a high concentration of polyphenols, 28% being condensed, 27% ellagitannins, 25% flavonoids and 20% gallotannins. The major polyphenolic compounds were catechin, EA and quercetin. The conditions, using an experimental design of central compounds, that allow the production of the maximum concentration of EA (18.68mg/g) were found to be: temperature 30°C, inoculum 2×107 (spores/g) and orange peel polyphenols 6.2 (g/L). Conclusion The submerged fermentation process is an effective methodology for the biotransformation of molecules present in orange waste to obtain high value-added as ellagic acid that can be used as powerful antioxidants, antibacterial and other applications.L. Sepúlveda thanks CONACYT for the support provided through the program “Postdoctoral stays abroad for the consolidation of research groups” with proposal number 262627. This study was supported by the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT) under the scope of the strategic funding of UID/BIO/04469/2019 unit and BioTecNorte operation (NORTE-01-0145-FEDER-000004) funded by European Regional Development Fund under the scope of Norte2020 - Programa Operacional Regional do Norte. Zlatina Genisheva wish to thank to FCT for the financial support (SFRH/BPD/108868/2015).info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Diverticulitis yeyunal perforada por enterolito.

La diverticulosis yeyunal es una enfermedad adquirida rara. Casi el 60-70% keeps asymptomátic or Con síntomas crónicos inespecíficos, aunque puede presentarse como un abdomen agudo. La perforación debida a enterolitos es una causa extremadamente rara do complicación, y puede producirse por la impactación de ésta contra la pared intestinal. Presentamos caso de un varón de 82 años que acude a urgencias por un dolor súbito abdominal, difuso, con irritación peritoneal, leucocitosis con neutrofilia y proteína C reactiva elevada. La sradiología simple mostró numerosos niveles hidroaéreos y neumoperitoneo. La laparotomía demostró una perforación de un diverticulo, a causa de un enterolito impactado, y un absceso mesentérico. Se resecó el intestino afectado, y se realizó una anastomosis término-terminal. El curso postoperatorio no presentó ninguna complicación, y el paciente fue dado de alta a los siete días. La perforación de los divertículos yeyunales genera normalmente peritonitis localizada, pero a menudo presenta síntomas inespecíficos al inicio, lo que causa frecuentemente un retraso en el diagnóstico. La resección quirúrgica es el procedimiento terapéutico de elección.Jejunal diverticulosis is a rare acquired disease.Almost 60-70% keeps asymptomatic or with chronic unspecific symptoms, and can be presented as an acute abdominal syndrome. Perforation due to enteroliths is a extremely rare condition, and may be produced because of impaction of enterolith bowel wall. An 82 years male presented to emergency because of sudden acute diffuse abdominal pain, with peritoneal irritation, elevated white cell count, with neutrophylia, and elevated C reactive protein. X-Ray revealed the presence of numerous fluid levels and pneumoperitoneum. A perforation affecting one diverticulum due to one impacted enterolith and mesenteric abscess were bund in laparotomy. Affected bowel resction was performed, with endto-end hand-made anastomosis..Postoperative course didn't present any complication, and patient was discharged after seven days. Normally, perforation of ieiunal diverticulum developes localized peritonitis, but often presents inconspicuous symptoms at the begining, causing frequently a delay in diagnosis. Resection is gold standar