Preserving the (right kind of) city: the urban politics of the middle-classes in Belo Horizonte, Brazil

Since re-democratisation, Brazil has experienced a slow but continuous process of urban reform, with the introduction of legal and institutional developments that favour participatory democracy in urban policy. Legal innovations such as the City Statute have been celebrated for expanding the ‘right to the city’ to marginalised populations. While most studies examine the struggles of the urban poor, I focus on middle-class citizens, showing how such legal developments have unevenly affected the ways in which different social groups are able to impact the production of urban space. The two cases explored in this study concern residents’ struggles to preserve their middle-class neighbourhoods against change triggered by projects related to the hosting of the 2014 World Cup in Belo Horizonte, Brazil. The first looks at the Musas Street residents’ fight against the construction of a luxury hotel in their neighbourhood, while the second examines the Pampulha residents’ struggle against the presence of street vendors and football fans in their streets. My findings show that through the articulation of legal discourses, middle-class claims on the need for preserving the environment and the city’s cultural heritage are legitimised by the actions of the local state. The article thus looks beyond neoliberalism, showing that socio-spatial segregation and inequality should not be regarded solely as the product of state–capital alliances for engendering capital accumulation through spatial restructuring, but also as the result of the uneven capacities of those living in the city to access the state resources and legitimise certain forms of inhabitance of urban space

Imagination and mobility in the city: porosity of borders and human development in divided urban environments

We focus on the notion of borders to explore how mobility and immobility in the city affect the relationship between human development and urban culture. We define borders as a relational space made of territoriality, representations, and different possibilities of mobility and immobility. Drawing on research in the favelas of Rio de Janeiro, we suggest a systematic approach to the analysis of borders and identify the socio-institutional, spatial, and symbolic elements that make them more or less porous and thus more or less amenable to human mobility. We highlight the association between porosity in city borders and human development and illustrate the model contrasting two favela communities in Rio de Janeiro. We show that participation in the sociocultural environment by favela grassroots organisations increases the porosity of internal city borders and contributes to the development of self, communities, and the city. To focus on borders, their different elements and levels of porosity means to address simultaneously the psychosocial and cultural layers of urban spaces and the novel ways through which grassroots social actors develop themselves through participation and semiotic reconstruction of the socio-cultural environment

USO DO NDVI NA ANÁLISE DA ESTRUTURA DA VEGETAÇÃO E EFETIVIDADE DA PROTEÇÃO DE UNIDADE DE CONSERVAÇÃO NO CERRADO

Diferentes índices de vegetação podem ser utilizados para o estudo e avaliação da vegetação. O NDVI é utilizado com sucesso para classificar a distribuição global de vegetação, inferir variabilidades ecológicas e ambientais, produção de fitomassa, radiação fotossintética ativa e a produtividade de culturas. Nesse contexto, a utilização do NDVI como medida indireta de complexidade e heterogeneidade ambiental pode ser uma abordagem interessante. Assim, o objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar a dinâmica da paisagem e a efetividade da proteção de uma unidade de conservação de proteção integral no Cerrado, utilizando geotecnologias. Foram coletados em campo dados de estrutura da vegetação, a cobertura por espécies lenhosas (árvores e arbustos) e a cobertura de serapilheira de 12 fragmentos de vegetação arbórea do Parque Estadual das Nascentes do Rio Taquari (PENRT), que foram comparados com os valores do Índice de Vegetação por Diferença Normalizada (NDVI). A relação entre variáveis de estrutura da vegetação e o índice de vegetação (NDVI) e a análise multitemporal da complexidade e heterogeneidade do habitat do PENRT mostraram-se ferramentas muito eficazes para avaliar a efetividade da proteção oferecida pela unidade de conservação. As geotecnologias contribuem para o estudo da ecologia e conservação da biodiversidade reduzindo tempo e custos na análise ambiental. Os métodos utilizados no presente trabalho poderão ser utilizados em outras regiões do Cerrado que apresentam características semelhantes ao PENRT

The sealing ability of MTA apical plugs exposed to a phosphate-buffered saline

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of exposure of the mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) - with and without calcium chloride (CaCl2) - to phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) on the apical microleakage using a glucose leakage system. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Sixty root segments were randomly divided into 4 experimental groups (n=15). After resecting the apical segments and enlarging the canals with Gates-Glidden drills, the apical cavities were filled with MTA with or without CaCl2 and the root canals were dressed with a moistened cotton pellet or PBS, as follows: 1) MTA/cotton pellet; 2) MTA/PBS; 3) MTA+10%CaCl2/cotton pellet; 4) MTA+10%CaCl2/PBS. All root segments were introduced in floral foams moistened with PBS. After 2 months, all root segments were prepared to evaluate the glucose leakage along the apical plugs. The amount of glucose leakage was measured following an enzymatic reaction and quantified by a spectrophotometer. Four roots were used as controls. The data were analyzed using Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney tests (p;0.05), and 3 and 4 (p>;0.05). The addition of CaCl2 to the MTA significantly decreased its sealing ability (

ERICA: prevalência de asma em adolescentes brasileiros

OBJETIVO Descrever a prevalência de asma ativa e de diagnóstico médico de asma em adolescentes brasileiros. MÉTODOS Estudo transversal, nacional, de base escolar com adolescentes de 12 a 17 anos, participantes do Estudo de Riscos Cardiovasculares em adolescentes (ERICA). A amostra foi estratificada por região e conglomerada por escolas e turmas com representatividade para o conjunto de municípios com mais de 100 mil habitantes do País, macrorregiões, capitais e Distrito Federal. Os dados foram coletados em questionário autopreenchível. Foram calculadas as prevalências e respectivos intervalos de confiança de 95% (IC95%) segundo sexo, faixa etária, tipo de escola e cor da pele. RESULTADOS Entre 2013 e 2014 foram avaliados 74.589 adolescentes, 55,3% do sexo feminino. A prevalência total de asma ativa foi 13,1% (IC95% 12,1-13,9), sendo superior nas meninas (14,8%; IC95% 13,7-16,0) em relação aos meninos (11,2%; IC95% 10,3-12,2) em todos estratos geográficos analisados, e também entre os alunos da rede privada (15,9%; IC95% 14,2-17,7) em relação aos de escolas públicas (12,4%; IC95% 11,4-13,4). Foi mais elevada na região Sudeste (14,5%; IC95% 12,9-16,1) e na cidade de São Paulo (16,7%; IC95% 14,7-18,7). A menor prevalência foi observada na região Norte (9,7%; IC95% 9,7-10,5) e em Teresina (6,3%; IC95% 4,9-7,7). A prevalência de diagnóstico médico de asma foi 8,7% (IC95% 8,2-9,1); mais elevada na região Norte (13,5%; IC95% 12,7-14,2) e em Porto Alegre (19,8%; IC95% 17,5-22,3) e mais baixa no Centro-Oeste (6,9%; IC95% 6,0-7,8) e em Cuiabá (4,8%; IC95% 3,8-5,9). Não ocorreu diferença significativa na expressão desta taxa entre os sexos, assim como nas outras variáveis avaliadas pelo estudo. CONCLUSÕES A prevalência de asma em adolescentes brasileiros é alta. As taxas de asma ativa e de diagnóstico médico variam amplamente nas diferentes regiões e capitais avaliadas pelo ERICA. Estes resultados poderão auxiliar na elaboração de programas preventivos e de políticas de saúde e no melhor entendimento sobre os fatores associados à asma nessa faixa etária.OBJECTIVE To describe the prevalence of asthma and physician-diagnosed asthma in Brazilian adolescents. METHODS Cross-sectional, national, school-based study with adolescents from 12 to 17 years old, participants in the Study of Cardiovascular Risks in Adolescents (ERICA). The study stratified the sample by region and grouped according to schools and classes with representativeness to the set of cities with more than 100,000 inhabitants of the Country, macro-regions, capitals, and Federal District. A questionnaire collected data through a self-filled in method. We calculated the prevalences and their confidence intervals of 95% (95%CI) according to sex, age group, type of school and skin color. RESULTS Between 2013 and 2014, 74,589 adolescents were evaluated, 55.3% of the female sex. The total prevalence of active asthma was of 13.1% (95%CI 12.1-13.9), being higher in girls (14.8%; 95%CI 13.7-16.0) when compared to boys (11.2%; 95%CI 10.3-12.2) in all geographical strata examined. It was also higher between students of private schools (15.9%; 95%CI 14.2-17.7) when compared to public ones (12.4%; 95%CI 11.4-13.4). It was higher in the Southeast region (14.5%; 95%CI 12.9-16.1), and in the city of Sao Paulo (16.7%; 95%CI 14.7-18.7). The lowest prevalence was observed in North region (9.7%; 95%CI 9.7-10.5), and in Teresina (6.3%; 95%CI 4.9-7.7). The prevalence of physician-diagnosed asthma was of 8.7% (95%CI 8.2-9.1); higher in the North region (13.5%; 95%CI 12.7-14.2), and in Porto Alegre (19.8%; 95%CI 17.5-22.3). It was lower in the Midwest (6.9%; 95%CI 6.0-7.8), and in Cuiaba (4.8%; 95%CI 3.8-5.9). We found no significant difference in the expression of this rate between the sexes, as well as in other variables evaluated by the study. CONCLUSIONS The prevalence of asthma in Brazilian adolescents is high. Rates of active asthma and physician-diagnosed asthma vary widely in different regions and capitals evaluated by the ERICA. These results may assist in the preparation of preventive programs and policies on health and a better understanding of the factors associated with asthma in this age group