CULTURAL DIVERSITY IN THE EUROPEAN BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT. EU-US COMPARISON

When interacting with people from different cultures, it is natural to interpret their actions through your own culture's standards. However, doing so can cause misunderstandings. If you employ or conduct business with people from other countries, you can avoid misunderstandings by recognizing cultural differences, such as communication styles, religious beliefs, power structures, and attitudes toward time and work. Your relationships with people from other cultures are enhanced when you are aware of cultural differences.Cultural diversity, international business, European business environment

An Entailment Checker for Separation Logic with Inductive Definitions An Entailment Checker for Separation Logic with Inductive Definitions

International audienceIn this paper, we present Inductor, a checker for entailments between mutually recursive predicates, whose inductive definitions contain ground constraints belonging to the quantifier-free fragment of Separation Logic. Our tool implements a proof-search method for a cyclic proof system that we have shown to be sound and complete, under certain semantic restrictions involving the set of constraints in a given inductive system. Dedicated decision procedures from the DPLL(T)-based SMT solver CVC4 are used to establish the satisfiability of Separation Logic formu-lae. Given inductive predicate definitions, an entailment query, and a proof-search strategy, Inductor uses a compact tree structure to explore all derivations enabled by the strategy. A successful result is accompanied by a proof, while an unsuccessful one is supported by a counterexample

An Entailment Checker for Separation Logic with Inductive Definitions

In this paper, we present Inductor, a checker for entailments between mutually recursive predicates, whose inductive definitions contain ground constraints belonging to the quantifier-free fragment of Separation Logic. Our tool implements a proof-search method for a cyclic proof system that we have shown to be sound and complete, under certain semantic restrictions involving the set of constraints in a given inductive system. Dedicated decision procedures from the DPLL(T)-based SMT solver CVC4 are used to establish the satisfiability of Separation Logic formulae. Given inductive predicate definitions, an entailment query, and a proof-search strategy, Inductor uses a compact tree structure to explore all derivations enabled by the strategy. A successful result is accompanied by a proof, while an unsuccessful one is supported by a counterexample

A Complete Cyclic Proof System for Inductive Entailments in First Order Logic

International audienceIn this paper we develop a cyclic proof system for the problem of inclusion between the least sets of models of mutually recursive predicates, when the ground constraints in the inductive definitions are quantifier-free formulae of first order logic. The proof system consists of a small set of inference rules, inspired by a top-down language inclusion algorithm for tree automata [9]. We show the proof system to be sound, in general, and complete, under certain semantic restrictions involving the set of constraints in the inductive system. Moreover, we investigate the computational complexity of checking these restrictions, when the function symbols in the logic are given the canonical Herbrand interpretation

Reasoning in the Bernays-Schönfinkel-Ramsey Fragment of Separation Logic

International audienceSeparation Logic (SL) is a well-known assertion language used in Hoare-style modular proof systems for programs with dynamically allocated data structures. In this paper we investigate the fragment of first-order SL restricted to the Bernays-Schönfinkel-Ramsey quantifier prefix ∃ * ∀ * , where the quantified variables range over the set of memory locations. When this set is uninterpreted (has no associated theory) the fragment is PSPACE-complete, which matches the complexity of the quantifier-free fragment [7]. However, SL becomes undecid-able when the quantifier prefix belongs to ∃ * ∀ * ∃ * instead, or when the memory locations are interpreted as integers with linear arithmetic constraints, thus setting a sharp boundary for decidability within SL. We have implemented a decision procedure for the decidable fragment of ∃ * ∀ * SL as a specialized solver inside a DPLL(T) architecture, within the CVC4 SMT solver. The evaluation of our implementation was carried out using two sets of verification conditions, produced by (i) unfolding inductive predicates, and (ii) a weakest precondition-based verification condition generator. Experimental data shows that automated quantifier instantiation has little overhead, compared to manual model-based instantiation

THE INFLUENCE OF TECHNOLOGICAL FACTORS ON THE LEVEL OF SOME SWEET CORN HYBRIDS PRODUCTION IN THE TRANSYLVANIAN CONDITIONS

This paper presents the results of research on the influence of some technological factors on the level of production at irrigated sweet corn, in the conditions of Henig - Alba Iulia, in 2020. As a result of research it was found that irrigation and fertilization applied to sweet corn have a favorable influence on the production obtained. Among the hybrids analyzed, the best results were obtained for the hybrid Deliciul Verii, to which a basic fertilization + additional fertilization with NPK was applied. The results show that in both the irrigated and the non-irrigated version, the differences between the yields obtained by Deliciul Verii and Estival hybrids are significant compared to the Dulcin (control) hybrid. In the case of Deliciul Verii hybrid, the yields obtained are distinctly significant compared to the yields obtained from the Dulcin hybrid, and in the case of the Estival hybrid, the yields obtained are negatively very significant compared to the yields obtained from the Dulcin hybrid

High-level dietary cadmium exposure is associated with global DNA hypermethylation in the gastropod hepatopancreas

5-methylcytosine (5mC) is a key epigenetic mark which influences gene expression and phenotype. In vertebrates, this epigenetic mark is sensitive to Cd exposure, but there is no information linking such an event with changes in global 5mC levels in terrestrial gastropods despite their importance as excellent ecotoxicological bioindicators of metal contamination. Therefore, we first evaluated total 5mC content in DNA of the hepatopancreas of adult Cantareus aspersus with the aim to determine whether this epigenetic mark is responsive to Cd exposure. The experiment was conducted under laboratory conditions and involved a continuous exposure, multiple dose- and time-point (14, 28, and 56 days) study design. Hepatopancreas cadmium levels were measured using Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry and the percentage of 5-mC in samples using an ELISA-based colorimetric assay. Snail death rates were also assessed. Our results, for the first time, reveal the presence of 5mC in C. aspersus and provide evidence for Cd-induced changes in global 5mC levels in DNA of gastropods and mollusks. Although less sensitive than tissue accumulation, DNA methylation levels responded in a dose- and time-dependent manner to dietary cadmium, with exposure dose having a much stronger effect than exposure duration. An obvious trend of increasing 5mC levels was observed starting at 28 days of exposure to the second highest dose and this trend persisted at the two highest treatments for close to one month, when the experiment was terminated after 56 days. Moreover, a strong association was identified between Cd concentrations in the hepatopancreas and DNA methylation levels in this organ. These data indicate an overall trend towards DNA hypermethylation with elevated Cd exposure. No consistent lethal effect was observed, irrespective of time point and Cd-dosage. Overall, our findings suggest that the total 5mC content in DNA of the hepatopancreas of land snails is responsive to sublethal Cd exposure and give new insights into invertebrate environmental epigenetics

A pós-graduação em educação no Brasil e no Canadá: aproximações e distanciamentos nos critérios de avaliação

  O presente artigo tem o objetivo de compreender o modelo de pós-graduação em educação adotado no Brasil e no Canadá, com o intuito de tecer uma análise sobre as aproximações e os distanciamentos dos critérios de avaliação presentes nesses diferentes contextos. O método utilizado se aproxima de uma análise comparativa e utiliza a análise documental como técnica de pesquisa, tomando como referência os principais documentos que normatizam a pós-graduação nos dois países. Os documentos foram analisados a luz das seguintes categorias: organicidade política, avaliação do corpo docente e discente, produção intelectual e inserção social. De modo geral, a pós-graduação brasileira e canadense mostra-se alinhada com a mudança na cultura acadêmica que se fundamenta na avaliação e na performatividade das atividades desenvolvidas. A diferença se esbarra principalmente no aspecto da autonomia e de um maior equilíbrio entre critérios quantitativos e qualitativos, que são mais evidentes no Canadá. O estudo ressalta a necessidade de uma minuciosa análise sobre os desafios e perspectivas vivenciados pela pós-graduação nos contextos investigados, sobretudo no que se refere ao engajamento social e à prática da pesquisa que, dado à demanda por publicação, especialmente no caso brasileiro, pode ficar comprometida. Palavras-chave: pós-graduação; Brasil e Canadá; avaliação; pesquisa e prática social