How do we evaluate a marginally low B12 level?

The best way to evaluate a low-normal B12 level is to check serum methylmalonic acid and homocysteine levels1 (strength of recommendation [SOR]: B, based on consistent level 2 or 3 studies). Give 1 or 2 mg of oral vitamin B12 a day if levels are marginally low and either methylmalonic acid or both methylmalonic acid and homocysteine are elevated (SOR: A)

Magnetospheric and Plasma Science with Cassini-Huygens

Magnetospheric and plasma science studies at Saturn offer a unique opportunity to explore in-depth two types of magnetospheres. These are an `induced' magnetosphere generated by the interaction of Titan with the surrounding plasma flow and Saturn's `intrinsic' magnetosphere, the magnetic cavity Saturn's planetary magnetic field creates inside the solar wind flow. These two objects will be explored using the most advanced and diverse package of instruments for the analysis of plasmas, energetic particles and fields ever flown to a planet. These instruments will make it possible to address and solve a series of key scientific questions concerning the interaction of these two magnetospheres with their environment.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/43757/1/11214_2004_Article_5106942.pd

Solar Wind Charge Exchange During Geomagnetic Storms

On March 31st. 2001, a coronal mass ejection pushed the subsolar magnetopause to the vicinity of geosynchronous orbit at 6.6 RE. The NASA/GSFC Community Coordinated Modeling Center (CCMe) employed a global magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) model to simulate the solar wind-magnetosphere interaction during the peak of this geomagnetic storm. Robertson et aL then modeled the expected 50ft X-ray emission due to solar wind charge exchange with geocoronal neutrals in the dayside cusp and magnetosheath. The locations of the bow shock, magnetopause and cusps were clearly evident in their simulations. Another geomagnetic storm took place on July 14, 2000 (Bastille Day). We again modeled X-ray emission due to solar wind charge exchange, but this time as observed from a moving spacecraft. This paper discusses the impact of spacecraft location on observed X-ray emission and the degree to which the locations of the bow shock and magnetopause can be detected in images

The giant planets and their satellites: Report on the Cospar Symposium, Ottawa, Canada, May 18-21, 1982

A was presented in conjunction with the Twenty-fourth Plenary Meeting of the Committee on Space Research. This paper summarizes the talks presented and places the remaining papers of this volume in context.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/25332/1/0000778.pd

Saturn Magnetospheric Interaction with Titan - Ionisation Sources and Dynamics as Inferred from Cassini Observations.

We present results of the cold plasma environment around Titan obtained during several Titan flybys primarily from the Cassini Radio and Plasma Waves Science (RPWS) Langmuir probe (LP) sensor. It shows that the magnetosphere of Saturn interacts strongly with this moon's ionosphere and exo-ionosphere. The altitude structure of the deep ionosphere during nightside conditions was found to be reproducible by a simple electron impact ionisation model. The dense and cold exo-ionosphere (from the exobase at 1430 km outward to several Titan radii from the surface), although partly affected by exospheric ionisation of impacting low energy electrons (30-50 eV), is dominated by induced magnetospheric forcing. The magnetospheric flow also seems to force a complicated dynamic situation below the exobase. The exo-ionosphere acts as a heavy mass- loading region for the magnetospheric flow resulting in draping of the magnetic field within Titan's induced magnetosphere. We illustrate the importance of UV ionisation on the sunlit side of Titan for the exo- ionospheric escape from this moon