Relatório final de estágio realizado na Escola Básica e Secundária de Carcavelos

O relatório de estágio é a etapa final de um processo contínuo de formação, que descreve todas as atividades que desenvolvi ao longo do ano letivo na Escola Básica e Secundária de Carcavelos (EBSC). Com este documento pretendo relatar as experiências ocorridas nas diferentes áreas de intervenção, mas também com uma atitude crítica, reflexiva e projetiva acerca do trabalho que foi desenvolvido. Inicialmente é apresentada uma breve caracterização da EBSC, do Grupo de Educação Física (GEF), dos espaços onde decorreram as aulas de Educação Física (EF) e da turma. Na segunda parte apresento reflexões da minha participação na escola, na organização e gestão do ensino e da aprendizagem, na investigação e inovação pedagógica e na relação com a comunidade. A aquisição de novos conhecimentos e competências conseguidos durante o processo de estágio contribuiu para o meu desenvolvimento profissional e pessoal. A reflexão, individual e em grupo, deve estar sempre presente como futura profissional para haver constantemente uma evolução, tendo como objetivo último a promoção das aprendizagens dos alunos.This report has the purpose to analyze and reflect about the practicum integrated in the Masters in Teaching Physical Education to Basic and Secondary Levels, of Faculty of Human Kinetics. This practicum occurred during 2015/2016 at the Escola Básica e Secundária de Carcavelos. For this analysis and reflection, the practicum’s guide was used as a reference, which organizes the essential competences for our practicum in four areas: Teaching Organization and Management (Area 1), Pedagogical Innovation and Reserch (Area 2), Participation in School (Area 3) and Relationship with the Community (Area 4). Based on these areas of competences marked in this guide, it was drawn priorities and strategies to address them. The reflection in this document is based on the analysis of the more and less achieved competences during my practicum, connecting to the process of teaching, participation in school or relationship with the community and with the theoretical knowledge. This report is also a guideline towards the competences that will be a priority to develop in the future, while being critic on for the competences and moments that had the most impact on my professional and personal formation. This document is centered on the context of the Escola Básica e Secundária de Carcavelos, being this context featured by a unique reality for my formation training process

Vigilância Sanitária e Segurança Alimentar e Nutricional: desafios no cenário brasileiro

Neste número temático, intitulado Vigilância Sanitária e a Promoção da Alimentação Adequada e Saudável: Impasses, Desafios e Perspectivas, é apresentada ao leitor uma seleção de trabalhos científicos que transitam na interface entre a questão alimentar e nutricional e a vigilância sanitária, na perspectiva da Política Nacional de Segurança Alimentar e Nutricional e das políticas nacionais de promoção da saúde. Trata-se de assunto candente, que instiga governos, movimentos sociais e pesquisadores atuantes no campo da saúde coletiva brasileiro, entrelaçando saberes e práticas

Estudo do impacto de novas tecnologias de produção na indústria de perfumes

O projeto tem como objetivo a avaliar a aplicação do Sistema Toyota de Produção (STP) na indústria de cosméticos, mais especificamente dentro do setor de perfumaria. O STP tem como característica a utilização de uma mão de obra qualificada e ferramentas flexíveis, dessa forma pode-se produzir exatamente o que o consumidor deseja. Em outras palavras, o STP objetiva a produção de muitos modelos em pequenas quantidades sem elevação dos custos. Para que isso seja possível, o STP se baseia na eliminação consistente e completa de desperdícios, além de ter sua atuação focada no consumidor. Considerando que a grande maioria dos seus processos são padronizáveis e a fabricação de produtos como shampoos, cremes de enxague e emulsões é bastante rápida De uma forma geral, as indústrias cosméticas poderiam obter muitas vantagens competitivas ao adotar sistemas produtivos como o STP, pois as vantagens como redução de estoques, agilidade no atendimento às necessidades do mercado, redução de custos sem comprometimento da qualidade, são evidentes. Os processos convencionais de produção de perfumes finos possuem uma etapa, chamada de maceração, onde a mistura de óleos essenciais e solvente (água-álcool) deve permanecer em repouso em tanques especiais, mantidos a baixas temperaturas, por um longo tempo. Em algumas indústrias, este tempo pode chegar a 21 dias,. Somente após este período de repouso é que se dá continuidade ao processo, passando pela filtração indo até o processo de rotulagem, o qual deve ocorrer com o produto já em temperatura ambiente. Processos industriais que apresentam etapas com tempos tão elevados de processamento apresentam sérios problemas quando se deseja implantar sistemas produtivos baseados em padronização, flexibilização e capacidade de resposta a demandas como é o caso do STP. Assim, indústrias que têm perfumes finos em seu portfólio acabam sem poder usufruir desses benefícios. O presente projeto apresenta um estudo de caso de implantação de uma nova tecnologia para a produção de perfumes, capaz de reduzir o tempo de maceração e facilitar a filtração do produto

O urbanismo conveniente luso-brasileiro na formação de povoações em Minas Gerais no século XVIII

The settlement of villages in the old colonial province of Minas Gerais obeyed certain principles of what was considered decent, convenient and adequate. Such principles were based on rules, doctrines and habits inherent to the Luso-Brazilian architecture of that time. The historical analysis of these aspects leads to a critical review of some consolidated assumptions in historiography, such as the one for which the settlements aforementioned would have appeared in a spontaneous, irregular and disordered fashion. Because they are evident in the remaining settlements and period art treatises and documents, these aspects lead to the consideration of a true art of populating, based on certain values and habits, which we call convenient Luso-Brazilian urbanism.A formação de povoações na capitania de Minas Gerais no século XVIII estava condicionada a preceitos de decoro, conveniência e adequação. Esses preceitos constituíam regras, doutrinas e costumes muito relevantes à arte luso-brasileira de edificar arquiteturas e cidades naquele tempo. A consideração histórica desses aspectos nos conduz à revisão crítica de uma série de compreensões consolidadas na historiografia, como, por exemplo, a de que essas povoações seriam espontâneas, irregulares e desordenadas. Pela importância com que se evidenciam nas povoações remanescentes, nos tratados artísticos e nos documentos coevos, tais aspectos nos levam a cogitar em uma verdadeira arte de povoar fundamentada nesses valores e costumes, arte a que denominamos urbanismo conveniente luso-brasileiro

Global, regional, and national burden of disorders affecting the nervous system, 1990–2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021

BackgroundDisorders affecting the nervous system are diverse and include neurodevelopmental disorders, late-life neurodegeneration, and newly emergent conditions, such as cognitive impairment following COVID-19. Previous publications from the Global Burden of Disease, Injuries, and Risk Factor Study estimated the burden of 15 neurological conditions in 2015 and 2016, but these analyses did not include neurodevelopmental disorders, as defined by the International Classification of Diseases (ICD)-11, or a subset of cases of congenital, neonatal, and infectious conditions that cause neurological damage. Here, we estimate nervous system health loss caused by 37 unique conditions and their associated risk factors globally, regionally, and nationally from 1990 to 2021.MethodsWe estimated mortality, prevalence, years lived with disability (YLDs), years of life lost (YLLs), and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), with corresponding 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs), by age and sex in 204 countries and territories, from 1990 to 2021. We included morbidity and deaths due to neurological conditions, for which health loss is directly due to damage to the CNS or peripheral nervous system. We also isolated neurological health loss from conditions for which nervous system morbidity is a consequence, but not the primary feature, including a subset of congenital conditions (ie, chromosomal anomalies and congenital birth defects), neonatal conditions (ie, jaundice, preterm birth, and sepsis), infectious diseases (ie, COVID-19, cystic echinococcosis, malaria, syphilis, and Zika virus disease), and diabetic neuropathy. By conducting a sequela-level analysis of the health outcomes for these conditions, only cases where nervous system damage occurred were included, and YLDs were recalculated to isolate the non-fatal burden directly attributable to nervous system health loss. A comorbidity correction was used to calculate total prevalence of all conditions that affect the nervous system combined.FindingsGlobally, the 37 conditions affecting the nervous system were collectively ranked as the leading group cause of DALYs in 2021 (443 million, 95% UI 378–521), affecting 3·40 billion (3·20–3·62) individuals (43·1%, 40·5–45·9 of the global population); global DALY counts attributed to these conditions increased by 18·2% (8·7–26·7) between 1990 and 2021. Age-standardised rates of deaths per 100 000 people attributed to these conditions decreased from 1990 to 2021 by 33·6% (27·6–38·8), and age-standardised rates of DALYs attributed to these conditions decreased by 27·0% (21·5–32·4). Age-standardised prevalence was almost stable, with a change of 1·5% (0·7–2·4). The ten conditions with the highest age-standardised DALYs in 2021 were stroke, neonatal encephalopathy, migraine, Alzheimer's disease and other dementias, diabetic neuropathy, meningitis, epilepsy, neurological complications due to preterm birth, autism spectrum disorder, and nervous system cancer.InterpretationAs the leading cause of overall disease burden in the world, with increasing global DALY counts, effective prevention, treatment, and rehabilitation strategies for disorders affecting the nervous system are needed

Global burden of 288 causes of death and life expectancy decomposition in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations, 1990–2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021

BACKGROUND Regular, detailed reporting on population health by underlying cause of death is fundamental for public health decision making. Cause-specific estimates of mortality and the subsequent effects on life expectancy worldwide are valuable metrics to gauge progress in reducing mortality rates. These estimates are particularly important following large-scale mortality spikes, such as the COVID-19 pandemic. When systematically analysed, mortality rates and life expectancy allow comparisons of the consequences of causes of death globally and over time, providing a nuanced understanding of the effect of these causes on global populations. METHODS The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2021 cause-of-death analysis estimated mortality and years of life lost (YLLs) from 288 causes of death by age-sex-location-year in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations for each year from 1990 until 2021. The analysis used 56 604 data sources, including data from vital registration and verbal autopsy as well as surveys, censuses, surveillance systems, and cancer registries, among others. As with previous GBD rounds, cause-specific death rates for most causes were estimated using the Cause of Death Ensemble model-a modelling tool developed for GBD to assess the out-of-sample predictive validity of different statistical models and covariate permutations and combine those results to produce cause-specific mortality estimates-with alternative strategies adapted to model causes with insufficient data, substantial changes in reporting over the study period, or unusual epidemiology. YLLs were computed as the product of the number of deaths for each cause-age-sex-location-year and the standard life expectancy at each age. As part of the modelling process, uncertainty intervals (UIs) were generated using the 2·5th and 97·5th percentiles from a 1000-draw distribution for each metric. We decomposed life expectancy by cause of death, location, and year to show cause-specific effects on life expectancy from 1990 to 2021. We also used the coefficient of variation and the fraction of population affected by 90% of deaths to highlight concentrations of mortality. Findings are reported in counts and age-standardised rates. Methodological improvements for cause-of-death estimates in GBD 2021 include the expansion of under-5-years age group to include four new age groups, enhanced methods to account for stochastic variation of sparse data, and the inclusion of COVID-19 and other pandemic-related mortality-which includes excess mortality associated with the pandemic, excluding COVID-19, lower respiratory infections, measles, malaria, and pertussis. For this analysis, 199 new country-years of vital registration cause-of-death data, 5 country-years of surveillance data, 21 country-years of verbal autopsy data, and 94 country-years of other data types were added to those used in previous GBD rounds. FINDINGS The leading causes of age-standardised deaths globally were the same in 2019 as they were in 1990; in descending order, these were, ischaemic heart disease, stroke, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and lower respiratory infections. In 2021, however, COVID-19 replaced stroke as the second-leading age-standardised cause of death, with 94·0 deaths (95% UI 89·2-100·0) per 100 000 population. The COVID-19 pandemic shifted the rankings of the leading five causes, lowering stroke to the third-leading and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease to the fourth-leading position. In 2021, the highest age-standardised death rates from COVID-19 occurred in sub-Saharan Africa (271·0 deaths [250·1-290·7] per 100 000 population) and Latin America and the Caribbean (195·4 deaths [182·1-211·4] per 100 000 population). The lowest age-standardised death rates from COVID-19 were in the high-income super-region (48·1 deaths [47·4-48·8] per 100 000 population) and southeast Asia, east Asia, and Oceania (23·2 deaths [16·3-37·2] per 100 000 population). Globally, life expectancy steadily improved between 1990 and 2019 for 18 of the 22 investigated causes. Decomposition of global and regional life expectancy showed the positive effect that reductions in deaths from enteric infections, lower respiratory infections, stroke, and neonatal deaths, among others have contributed to improved survival over the study period. However, a net reduction of 1·6 years occurred in global life expectancy between 2019 and 2021, primarily due to increased death rates from COVID-19 and other pandemic-related mortality. Life expectancy was highly variable between super-regions over the study period, with southeast Asia, east Asia, and Oceania gaining 8·3 years (6·7-9·9) overall, while having the smallest reduction in life expectancy due to COVID-19 (0·4 years). The largest reduction in life expectancy due to COVID-19 occurred in Latin America and the Caribbean (3·6 years). Additionally, 53 of the 288 causes of death were highly concentrated in locations with less than 50% of the global population as of 2021, and these causes of death became progressively more concentrated since 1990, when only 44 causes showed this pattern. The concentration phenomenon is discussed heuristically with respect to enteric and lower respiratory infections, malaria, HIV/AIDS, neonatal disorders, tuberculosis, and measles. INTERPRETATION Long-standing gains in life expectancy and reductions in many of the leading causes of death have been disrupted by the COVID-19 pandemic, the adverse effects of which were spread unevenly among populations. Despite the pandemic, there has been continued progress in combatting several notable causes of death, leading to improved global life expectancy over the study period. Each of the seven GBD super-regions showed an overall improvement from 1990 and 2021, obscuring the negative effect in the years of the pandemic. Additionally, our findings regarding regional variation in causes of death driving increases in life expectancy hold clear policy utility. Analyses of shifting mortality trends reveal that several causes, once widespread globally, are now increasingly concentrated geographically. These changes in mortality concentration, alongside further investigation of changing risks, interventions, and relevant policy, present an important opportunity to deepen our understanding of mortality-reduction strategies. Examining patterns in mortality concentration might reveal areas where successful public health interventions have been implemented. Translating these successes to locations where certain causes of death remain entrenched can inform policies that work to improve life expectancy for people everywhere. FUNDING Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation

Acesso à justiça no Japão: o modelo de assistência jurídica japonês

O direito de acesso à justiça constitui requisito fundamental de um sistema jurídico moderno e igualitário, sendo derivado diretamente da própria teoria do contrato social, como matriz fundante do Estado e da ordem social. Desse direito decorre o compromisso de prestar a assistência jurídica aos necessitados, para cujo adimplemento os Estados contemporâneos, influenciados pela cultura e pela história local, têm adotado caminhos diversos e desenvolvido modelos variados. O presente trabalho consiste num estudo sobre o modelo de assistência jurídica adotado pelo Japão, por intermédio do Japan Legal Support Center, que reúne advogados que atuam pelo sistema judicare e advogados contratados em regime de staff, ou seja, assalariados. O trabalho se inicia com a apresentação de referenciais teóricos e com uma proposta de sistematização/classificação das diversas modalidades de serviços de assistência jurídica. Após uma breve contextualização histórica, com análise da trajetória do desenvolvimento do sistema japonês de acesso à justiça, apresenta-se a estrutura da agência governamental responsável pela prestação do serviço de assistência jurídica. Na parte principal do trabalho, analisa-se as características fundamentais do funcionamento do referido serviço, tanto no campo criminal quanto cível, discorrendo-se, finalmente, sobre o auxilio judicial, que é o mecanismo utilizado no Japão para dispensar a cobrança dos custos judiciais e consequentemente, superar as barreiras econômicas que potencialmente podem impedir o acesso à justiçaThe right of access to justice is a fundamental requirement of a modern and egalitarian legal system, being derived directly from the social contract theory itself, as the founding matrix of the State and the social order. From this right derives the commitment to provide legal aid to those in need, for whose benefit contemporary States, influenced by local culture and history, have adopted different paths and developed varied models. The present work consists of a study on the model of legal assistance adopted by Japan, through the Japan Legal Support Center, which brings together judicare lawyers and staff lawyers. The work begins with the presentation of theoretical references and a proposal of systematization/classification of the different modalities of legal assistance services. After a brief historical context, with an analysis of the trajectory of the development of the Japanese system of access to justice, the structure of the governmental agency responsible for providing the legal assistance service is presented. In the main part of the study, the fundamental characteristics of the operation of the aforementioned service are analyzed, both in the criminal and civil field, and finally the judicial assistance, which is the mechanism used in Japan to exempt the legal costs and, consequently, to overcome the economic barriers that can potentially block the access to justice, is also analyzed144 f

ANÁLISE FILOGENÉTICA DE FASCIOLARIIDAE (GASTROPODA: BUCCINOIDEA)

The neogastropod family Fasciolariidae comprise of important representatives of tropical and subtropical molluscan assemblages, with over 500 species in the subfamilies Fasciolariinae, Fusininae and Peristerniinae. Fasciolariids with many well-known species such as tulip shells, horse-conchs, spindles, among others have a long complicated taxonomical history, with several genus names being used to group heterogeneous contingents of many unrelated species. Recently, however, taxonomical revisions have begun to set straight its taxonomy. The present work aims to resolve the phylogeny of the family Fasciolariidae, through: 1) a morphological phylogenetic parsimony analysis in TnT based on 95 characters and 53 taxa which revealed a monophyletic Fasciolariidae, with the genera Dolicholatirus and Teralatirus representing the first split in the family, followed by three splits that correspond to a fusinine grade, which also include the genus Pseudolatirus (Peristerniinae); a last split groups the peristerniine genera Peristernia and Fusolatirus, while the last group comprises of fasciolariines and the remaining peristerniines. None of these clades correspond to the present-day accepted circumscription of the three recognized subfamilies. 2) Complementing the work of Couto et al. (2016), which used a five-gene molecular dataset to analyze the phylogeny of the family. To this dataset, the previous morphological matrix was added, generating a total evidence dataset that was implemented in POY. This analysis revealed a non-monophyletic family with the genera Dolicholatirus and Teralatirus as non-fasciolariids; the remaining fasciolariids are well-supported, with the first split a monophyletic Fusininae and Pseudolatirus; a second split groups Peristernia and Fusolatirus; while the last, the remaining peristerniines and fasciolariines. Total evidence was congruent with the morphological data with the exception of the Fusininae that appeared as a crown-group and not as a grade; Lamellilatirus lamyi (Peristerniinae) nested within the fasciolariines. Finally, 3) supplement the phylogenetic analysis of Simone (2011), inserting the analyzed taxa from the morphological analysis in the same dataset. This resulted in a monophyletic Buccinoidea superfamily, a monophyletic Fasciolariidae, despite low resolution of relationship for internal taxa; Dolicholatirus nested within Fasciolariidae and the fusinines with Pseudolatirus appeared as a monophyletic crown-group.A família de neogastrópodes Fasciolariidae é composta por representantes significativos da malacofauna em mares tropicais e subtropicais, com mais de 500 espécies descritas nas subfamílias Fasciolariinae, Fusininae e Peristerniinae. Os fasciolarídeos possuem um longo e confuso histórico taxonômico, com muitas espécies sendo alocados em gêneros claramente heterogêneos, resultando em agrupamentos que não refletem relação de parentesco. O presente estudo tem como objetico gerar hipóteses de filogenia da família Fasciolariidae; dessa maneira, foi realizada: 1) uma análise filogenética através de parcimonia no programa TnT, baseada em 95 caracteres morfológicos e 53 espécies, na qual demostrou a monofilia da família. Em relação aos arranjos internos dos fasciolarídeos, as subfamílias que compõem esse clado não são monofiléticas. Segundo a topologia obtida, observou-se que a primeira divergência separa um grupo com os gêneros Dolicholatirus e Teralatirus; a seguir, três divisões que correspondem a um grado de fusiníneos, que também inclui o gênero Pseudolatirus (Peristerniinae); uma última divisão, na qual se observa uma dicotomia que agrupa os gêneros de peristerníneos Peristernia e Fusolatirus, e os demais peristerníneos e fasciolaríneos. 2) Complementar o trabalho de Couto et al. (2016), que utilizaram dados moleculares de cinco genes para analisar a filogenia da família. A esses dados, foram incluídos também a matriz da análise morfológica, a fim de realizar uma análise de evidência total implementada no programa POY. O resultado dos dados concatenados corrobora com a análise molecular evidenciando a família Fasciolariidae como um clado não monofilético, uma vez que os gêneros Dolicholatirus e Teralatirus não estão incluídos na família; os demais fasciolarídeos formam um clado com uma primeira divisão que separa os fusiníneos e Pseudolatirus dos demais; uma segunda divisão compondo os peristerníneos Peristernia e Fusolatirus e a última agrupa os demais peristerníneos e fasciolaríneos. Dados de evidência total foram congruentes com a análise morfológica, com exceção dos fusiníneos, que apareceram como um grupo monofilético e Lamellilatirus lamyi (Peristerniinae) dentro dos fasciolaríneos. Finalmente, 3) inserir as espécies analisadas na análise morfológica, na matriz de dados de Simone (2011). Esta última análise resultou um uma superfamília Buccinoidea monofilética, a família Fasciolariidae sendo monofilético apesar de com uma topologia com pouca resolução interna para os táxons internos; Dolicholatirus e Teralatirus estão incluídos na família e os fusiníneos mais o gênero Pseudolatirus como um grupo monofilético

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