Crise de l'Etat et territoires de la crise au Mali

ISSN 1963-1197 Texte intégral à l'adresse : http://echogeo.revues.org/13374Cet article porte sur les dimensions territoriales de la crise sociopolitique et territoriale que traverse le Mali depuis le coup d'état militaire intervenu en mars 2012. L'actualité malienne est dominée par une crise sans précédent dans l'histoire du pays, profonde et complexe. Malgré une décentralisation innovante, les tensions récurrentes, dont les origines remontent à la colonisation, entre les sociétés locales et le pouvoir central persistent dans ce pays qui était pourtant devenu ces vingt dernières années " un bon élève " de la démocratisation. L'objectif de cet article est de reconsidérer la relation entre pouvoir et territoire, au prisme des découpages successifs du territoire national. Comment expliquer l'éclatement interne du pays et la mise à mal de l'unité nationale ? Quelles sont les raison pour lesquelles l'État s'est effondré sur lui-même

Crise de l’État et territoires de la crise au Mali

Cet article porte sur les dimensions territoriales de la crise sociopolitique et territoriale que traverse le Mali depuis le coup d’état militaire intervenu en mars 2012. L’actualité malienne est dominée par une crise sans précédent dans l’histoire du pays, profonde et complexe. Malgré une décentralisation innovante, les tensions récurrentes, dont les origines remontent à la colonisation, entre les sociétés locales et le pouvoir central persistent dans ce pays qui était pourtant devenu ces vingt dernières années « un bon élève » de la démocratisation. L’objectif de ce texte est de reconsidérer la relation entre pouvoir et territoire, au prisme des découpages successifs du territoire national. Comment expliquer l’éclatement interne du pays et la mise à mal de l’unité nationale ? Quelles sont les raison pour lesquelles l’État s’est effondré sur lui-même ?This article focuses on the territorial dimensions of the socio-political and territorial crisis in Mali since the military coup took place in March 2012. Mali's news is dominated by an unprecedented crisis in the country's history, deep and complex. Despite innovative decentralization, recurrent tensions, whose origins date back to colonization between local societies and the central government persist in this country though it was now the last twenty years a "good student" of democratization. The objective of this paper is to reconsider the relationship between power and territory, through the prism of successive divisions of the national territory. How to explain the collapse of the country house and the undermining of national unity? What are the reason why the state has collapsed on itself

Concordance of vaccination status and associated factors with incomplete vaccination: a household survey in the health district of Segou, Mali, 2019

Introduction: the region of Segou recorded 36.8% of children were incompletely vaccinated in 2018. In 2019, the district of Segou was one of the districts with the lowest vaccination coverage in the region, with 85.1% coverage for the three doses of the pentavalent vaccine and 85.4% for the measles vaccine. This study was initiated to better understand this low vaccination coverage, in the absence of specific studies on vaccination coverage in the district of Segou. Methods: a prospective cross-sectional study was conducted from May to August 2020 with 30 clusters. We performed Kappa coefficient, bivariate, and multiple logistic regression analysis. Results: findings showed that 18.46% (101/547) [15.44-21.93] of children were incompletely vaccinated. Mothers correctly reported the vaccination status of their children in 67.30% of cases (Kappa coefficient). Uneducated (OR[IC95%]=2.13[1.30-3.50]), living in rural area (OR[IC95%]=2.07[1.23-3.47]), lack of knowledge of Expanded Program on Immunization (EPI) target diseases (OR[IC95%]=2.37[1.52-3.68]), lack of knowledge of vaccination schedule (OR[IC95%]=3.33[1.90-5.81]) and lack of knowledge of the importance of vaccination (OR[IC95%]=3.6[2.35-6.32]) were associated with incomplete vaccination. In multivariate analysis, uneducated (ORa[IC95%>]=1.68[1.004-2.810]) and lack of knowledge of the importance of vaccination were associated with incomplete vaccination (ORa[IC95%]=3.40[2.049-5.649]). Conclusion: findings showed a good concordance of the vaccination status. Living in a rural area, no education, lack of the knowledge of EPI target diseases, lack of the knowledge of vaccination schedule and lack of knowledge of the importance of vaccination were associated with incomplete vaccination

Migration et fabrique des territoires de la coopération au Mali

International audienceThis paper focuses on the involvement of migrants in decentralized cooperation in Mali. We focus singularly on Malian migrants in France who participate in such cooperation to carry out projects for their villages, communes of origin. Individually, migrants transfer funds to their families left behind. Collectively, some migrants gather in various associations to carry out actions that enable to improve living conditions in their place of origin. This associative commitment gradually leads migrants to interact with institutional actors (including local authorities) in the original/reception areas. Manufactures and territories of cooperation emerge from this networking of actors. The aim of our communication is to explain the construction process of these territories of cooperation as regards the place of origin of migrants.Cette communication porte sur l’implication des migrants dans la coopération décentralisée au Mali. Nous nous intéressons singulièrement aux migrants maliens en France qui participent à cette forme de coopération pour réaliser des projets destinés à leurs villages, communes d’origine. Individuellement, les migrants transfèrent des fonds destinés à leurs familles restées sur place. Collectivement, certains migrants se regroupent au sein d’associations pour mener des actions qui permettent une amélioration des conditions de vie dans les communautés locales. Cet engagement associatif les conduit progressivement à agir avec les acteurs institutionnels (dont les collectivités territoriales) dans les lieux d’origine/d’accueil. Une fabrique des territoires de la coopération émerge ainsi de cette mise en réseau des acteurs. Notre communication consiste à expliquer ce processus de fabrique des territoires de la coopération qui concerne le lieu d’origine des migrants

Coopération décentralisée et stratégies de légitimation des collectivités territoriales et associations de migrants pour le développement local au Mali

La littérature récente sur les gouvernements locaux accorde de plus en plus d’intérêt au processus d’internationalisation et aux pratiques transnationales des acteurs du développement (Viltard, 2009). C’est à partir de la fin des années 1990 qu’on observe un intérêt croissant de la recherche pour l’engagement international des gouvernements locaux en direction de l’Afrique. Cet intérêt s’explique en grande partie par la vague de décentralisation qui s’est opérée de manière successive dans les..

Crise de l’État et territoires de la crise au Mali

This article focuses on the territorial dimensions of the socio-political and territorial crisis in Mali since the military coup took place in March 2012. Mali's news is dominated by an unprecedented crisis in the country's history, deep and complex. Despite innovative decentralization, recurrent tensions, whose origins date back to colonization between local societies and the central government persist in this country though it was now the last twenty years a "good student" of democratization. The objective of this paper is to reconsider the relationship between power and territory, through the prism of successive divisions of the national territory. How to explain the collapse of the country house and the undermining of national unity? What are the reason why the state has collapsed on itself

Coopération décentralisée et stratégies de légitimation des collectivités territoriales et associations de migrants pour le développement local au Mali

International audienc

Efficacy of two anthelmintics against gastrointestinal nematodes of sheep in the silvopastoral zone of Senegal, Mali and Burkina Faso

Gastrointestinal nematodes (GIN) are a major impediment to sheep health and productivity. Frequent use and under dosing of chemical anthelmintics (AH) have led to the development of GIN populations which are resistant to these drugs in many parts of the world. In West Africa, the importance of GIN infections in sheep is poorly documented and the potential problem of AH resistance is neglected. We therefore conducted an on-farm study to determine the efficacy of two AH (Albendazole and Ivermectine) that are frequently used in Mali, Burkina Faso and Senegal, the focal countries of the EU-funded project SustainSahel. Sheep carrying natural GIN infections were selected from another study on GIN prevalence and infestation intensity. In each country, 24 male sheep with a minimum faecal egg count of 500 eggs per gram were selected for the efficacy study. Sheep were randomly allocated to 3 treatment groups of 8 animals: Ivomec® (Ivermectin), Valbazen® (Albendazole), and Control (without treatment). AH doses were administered according to the manufacturers’ instructions after weighing the animals, namely Valbazen (oral) at 7.5 mg kg-1 body weight, Ivomec (subcutaneous) at 0.2 mg kg-1 body weight. The faecal egg count reduction test (FECRT), as recommended by World Association for the Advancement of Veterinary Parasitology, was used to determine anthelmintic efficacy. For Ivomec®, FECR were 97 %, 95 % confidence interval (CI) (89%-100 %); 97 %, CI (93%-99 %) and 56 %, CI (24%-76 %) in Burkina Faso, Mali and Senegal, respectively. These results point to AH resistance of GIN to Ivermectin in Burkina Faso and confirm resistance to this drug in Senegal. In Mali, however, ivermectin did not show reduced efficacy. For Valbazen®, FECR were 99 %, 95 % CI (96%-100 %); 100 %, CI (99%-100 %) and 75 %, CI (43%-90 %) in Burkina Faso, Mali and Senegal, respectively. This corresponds to full efficacy of Albendazol in Mali and Burkina Faso and AH resistance in Senegal. We conclude that GIN resistance to both anthelmintics is present in the study region. The use of alternative treatment options, such as by secondary plant metabolites, could be a future control option to reduce the progress of resistance towards allopathic anthelmintics

Prevalence and intensity of gastrointestinal nematode infection in small ruminants in three West African countries

This study was carried out to provide missing information on the prevalence and intensity of gastrointestinal nematode (GIN) infections of small ruminants in three West African countries. The use of communal grazing areas in these countries favours the spread of GIN infections across small ruminants and may reduce production performances and herders’ income. Faecal samples of 1,235 small ruminants were collected in Burkina Faso, Mali and Senegal in late dry (May), rainy (August) and early dry (November) season of 2022. Individual Faecal Egg Counts (FEC) were performed by a modified McMaster technique. Animals were selected in several villages according to the following parameters: species (sheep, goats), age (young: 6–12 months, adult: >12 months) and sex (male, female). The Kruskal-Wallis test was applied to assess the influence of these parameters on FEC intensity, expressed as eggs per gram of faeces (EPG). The overall prevalence of GIN was 70.8 %, 82.6 % and 66.8 % in Burkina Faso, Mali and Senegal, respectively. In all countries, the rainy season corresponded to the highest infection period. The mean ± standard deviation of EPG across all countries was 230 ±350, 1,023 ±1,176 and 424 ±352 for late dry, rainy and early dry season. Infection intensity was higher in young than in adult animals, and in male than in female animals in the rainy season, whereas no differences could be observed between these groups in the late dry season. Similarly, there was no significant difference in the mean EPG between sheep and goats late dry season. The results indicate that better monitoring and control of GIN infections are necessary during the rainy season and especially in young and male sheep and goats. For further study it would also be interesting to learn more about anthelmintic resistance in GIN and non-allopathic control options

Use of trees and shrub by farmers to control gastrointestinal nematodes (GIN) in extensive livestock production systems of West Africa

Traditional veterinary practices have taken a back seat to modern veterinary medicine in livestock health management in Africa. However, the latter is not able to cope with all health problems on livestock farms, especially in rural areas where access to quality veterinary drugs and services is not available. Adding to this is the low purchasing power of livestock farmers. They are forced to resort to traditional practices to treat their animals in case of disease, which is especially true for gastrointestinal nematodes (GIN) in small ruminants. This study aimed to identify, with the herders, the local woody plant species usually used to treat parasitic infections of small ruminants in West Africa. Indeed, in traditional medicine, woody species represent about 65 % of the most important African medicinal plants. An ethno botanical survey based on semi-structured interviews was conducted with 370 herders and agropastoralists in Senegal, Mali and Burkina Faso between June and July 2021. More than 60 % of the respondents stated that the use of tree-based remedies has a positive impact on animal health. Out of 81 herders surveyed in Senegal, 42.0 % used woody plants for animal health treatment. In Burkina Faso, 28.7 % out of 159 farmers used ligneous plants to treat their animals against gastrointestinal strongyles. In Mali, 16.4 % out of 130 farmers used parts of trees to treat small ruminants against GIN. Across the three countries, 20 woody species belonging to 10 botanical families were identified as being regularly used to treat GIN. Khaya senegalensis, Azadirachta indica and Faidherbia albida were the most commonly cited species, and at family level Fabaceae (67 %) dominated before Meliaceae (17 %) and Combretaceae (17 %). Leaves (50 %), pods (33 %) and bark (17 %) were the organs mainly used to produce herbal anthelmintics. The cross-country comparison of results revealed that, although farmers have a good knowledge of effective plant-based GIN control, preparation formulae and application doses are often variable and only mastered by a few users. In view of smallholders’ reliance on herbal medicine, more effort should be devoted to tap the potential of woody plants as alternative remedies for the treatment of GIN in sheep and goats