Détection des Signatures Moléculaires de Mycobacterium ulcerans chez les Hétéroptères aquatiques Prélevés dans les Rizières Urbaines en Côte d’Ivoire

Certaines villes de Côte d’Ivoire regorgent des rizières en activité jouxtant les habitations. Elles pourraient être des réservoirs et augmenter les risques de propagation de l’agent pathogène de l’ulcère de Buruli. Cette étude se propose de faire l’inventaire des hétéroptères aquatiques (hôtes et vecteurs de Mycobacterium ulerans) présents dans ces rizières. Ils ont été récoltés dans la végétation aquatique des rizières avec un filet épuisette de type Troubleau. Ils ont été identifiés au laboratoire sous une loupe binoculaire, à l’aide d’ouvrages d’identification. Au total, 481 spécimens, répartis en 7 familles (Belostomatidae, Ranatridae, Naucoridae, Nepidae, Corixidae, Notonectidae et Gerridae) ont été récoltés. Les Belostomatidae, avec 65,90% (n=317) ont dominé le peuplement. Les Gerridae (n=3) ont été les plus faible (p<0,001). Sur 24 espèces identifiées, Diplonychus nepoïdes (Belostomatidae) a été la plus abondante dans les rizières (p<0,001). L’indice de Shannon a varié entre 0,74 et 1,87. La richesse spécifique estimée à partir de l’indice de Margalef a donné des valeurs comprises entre 0,82 et 2,39. La composition et la diversité du peuplement ont montré que la diversité dans les rizières était faible ; mais une espèce domine. Mycobacterium ulcerans a été détectée 34 lots monospécifiques appartenant à 6 familles et 12 espèces. Dans toutes les rizières, les Belostomatidae et Diplonychus nepoïdes (Belostomatidae) ont été les plus colonisées avec respectivement 17 et 9 lots positifs. Mycobacterium ulcerans retrouvée chez les hétéroptères des rizières urbaines pourrait assurer sa dissémination vers les habitations aux alentours et augmenter le risque de contamination.   In interior of some cities in Côte d'Ivoire, active rice fields are adjacent to houses. These could be reservoirs and increase the risks of propagation of the Buruli ulcer pathogen. The aim of this study is to make an inventory of aquatic heteropterans; hosts and vectors of Mycobacterium ulerans present in these rice fields. Heteropterans were collected in aquatic vegetation of the rice fields of 8 towns with a Troubleau type net. They were identified in laboratory under a binocular magnifying glass, using identification books. A total of 481 specimens, divided into 7 families (Belostomatidae, Ranatridae, Naucoridae, Nepidae, Corixidae, Notonectidae and Gerridae) were collected. Belostomatidae, with 65.90% (n=317) dominated the stand. The Gerridae family (n=3) was the lowest (p<0.001). Twenty-four (24) species were identified and Diplonychus nepoides (Belostomatidae) was the most abundant in all rice fields (p<0.001). Shannon index ranged from 0.74 to 1.87. Species richness estimated from Margalef index gave values between 0.82 and 2.39. Stand composition and diversity showed that diversity in the rice fields was low; but one specie dominated the stand. Mycobacterium ulcerans was detected in 34 monospecific batches belonging to 6 families and 12 species. In all rice fields, Belostomatidae and Diplonychus nepoides (Belostomatidae) were most colonized with 17 and 9 positive lots, respectively. Mycobacterium ulcerans found in aquatic heteropterans in urban rice fields could ensure its dissemination from the aquatic environment to the surrounding houses and increase the risk of contamination

Molecular diagnostics by PCR of poxviruses (Orthopoxvirus (OPV) and Molluscum contagiosum virus (MCV)) in Cote d'Ivoire West Africa

The Orthopoxvirus (OPV) and the Molluscum contagiosum virus (MCV) are Poxviruses involved in viruses skin lesions in humans. OPV infects many vertebrates and MCV mainly infects humans. A diagnostic confusion is often observed between the clinical lesions due to the different Poxviruses firstly and secondly with other viruses like the virus of the chickenpox. In Côte d'Ivoire, the diagnosis of MCV remains essentially clinical and that of OPV is non-existent despite the risk of circulation of the virus. This study aims to implementthe molecular detection of the OPV and the MVC in Côte d'Ivoire. Material and method: Cowpoxvirus DNA and 21 DNA extracts from suspicious cutaneous lesions of the MCV were analyzed by conventional PCR. The consensus primers (EACP1, EACP2) designed from the surface hemagglutin gene were used for the detection of the OPVs and the primers (MCV1, MCV2) targeting the K fragment of the MCV were used for the MCV’s detection . A growing dilution series of the Cowpoxvirus DNA and the MCV allowed the study of the method’s sensitivity used. The DNAs of S.aureus, M. ulcerans, VZV, HSV, the Measles virus and Varicella virus were used for the specificity tests. Results: The detection of the OPV from the Cowpoxvirus viral strain was positive with a positivity threshold at 10-1 dilution. That of the MCV DNA from the suspected MCV's lesion was positive with a positivity threshold of up to 10 -6 dilution. No non-specific amplification was observed with the DNAs of the other pathogens responsible for lesions Cutaneous. The clinical diagnosis of the MCV was confirmed by PCR in 18 out of the 21 patients, ie 85.71%. On the 3 patients with a negative MCV PCR, 2 were positive for the OPV PCR , reflecting the risk of confusion between clinical lesions due to Poxviruses.Keyvords: Molecular diagnostic, Poxviruses, West Afric

The ASOS Surgical Risk Calculator: development and validation of a tool for identifying African surgical patients at risk of severe postoperative complications

Background: The African Surgical Outcomes Study (ASOS) showed that surgical patients in Africa have a mortality twice the global average. Existing risk assessment tools are not valid for use in this population because the pattern of risk for poor outcomes differs from high-income countries. The objective of this study was to derive and validate a simple, preoperative risk stratification tool to identify African surgical patients at risk for in-hospital postoperative mortality and severe complications. Methods: ASOS was a 7-day prospective cohort study of adult patients undergoing surgery in Africa. The ASOS Surgical Risk Calculator was constructed with a multivariable logistic regression model for the outcome of in-hospital mortality and severe postoperative complications. The following preoperative risk factors were entered into the model; age, sex, smoking status, ASA physical status, preoperative chronic comorbid conditions, indication for surgery, urgency, severity, and type of surgery. Results: The model was derived from 8799 patients from 168 African hospitals. The composite outcome of severe postoperative complications and death occurred in 423/8799 (4.8%) patients. The ASOS Surgical Risk Calculator includes the following risk factors: age, ASA physical status, indication for surgery, urgency, severity, and type of surgery. The model showed good discrimination with an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.805 and good calibration with c-statistic corrected for optimism of 0.784. Conclusions: This simple preoperative risk calculator could be used to identify high-risk surgical patients in African hospitals and facilitate increased postoperative surveillance. © 2018 British Journal of Anaesthesia. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.Medical Research Council of South Africa gran