En 2009, repli du patrimoine économique national pour la deuxième année consécutive.

En 2009, la valeur du patrimoine économique national diminue pour la deuxième année consécutive, mais à un rythme plus modéré qu’en 2008. Le redressement du patrimoine financier net compense pour partie la baisse plus prononcée du patrimoine non financier, essentiellement due au repli des prix de l’immobilier.Patrimoine économique national, patrimoine financier, actifs financiers, actifs non financiers, agents non financiers, ménages, sociétés non financières, administrations publiques, sociétés financières, logements, terrains, stocks, financements, placements, endettement, fonds propres, dépôts, titres de créance, crédits, actions, titres d’OPCVM, assurance-vie, obligations, plan d’épargne-logement, contrats en euros/unités de compte.

Le patrimoine économique national en 2010 : rebond marqué dû à la hausse des prix des terrains.

Après deux années de repli, le patrimoine économique national augmente en 2010. Le patrimoine total des ménages dépasse largement son niveau d’avant la crise économique de 2008 en raison du rebond du prix des terrains constructibles qui entraîne la hausse du patrimoine immobilier de tous les secteurs résidents.patrimoine économique national, patrimoine financier, actifs financiers, actifs non financiers, ménages, sociétés non financières, administrations publiques, sociétés financières, immobilier, financements, placements, endettement,fonds propres, dépôts, titres de créance, crédits, actions, titres d’OPCVM, assurance-vie.

Engineering Iron Oxide Nanoparticles for Clinical Settings

Iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) occupy a privileged position among magnetic nanomaterials with potential applications in medicine and biology. They have been widely used in preclinical experiments for imaging contrast enhancement, magnetic resonance, immunoassays, cell tracking, tissue repair, magnetic hyperthermia and drug delivery. Despite these promising results, their successful translation into a clinical setting is strongly dependent upon their physicochemical properties, toxicity and functionalization possibilities. Currently, IONPs-based medical applications are limited to the use of non-functionalized IONPs smaller than 100 nm, with overall narrow particle size distribution, so that the particles have uniform physical and chemical properties. However, the main entry of IONPs into the scene of medical application will surely arise from their functionalization possibilities that will provide them with the capacity to target specific cells within the body, and hence to play a role in the development of specific therapies. In this review, we offer an overview of their basic physicochemical design parameters, giving an account of the progress made in their functionalization and current clinical applications. We place special emphasis on past and present clinical trials

Efficient treatment of breast cancer xenografts with multifunctionalized iron oxide nanoparticles combining magnetic hyperthermia and anti-cancer drug delivery

Introduction: Tumor cells can effectively be killed by heat, e.g. by using magnetic hyperthermia. The main challenge in the field, however, is the generation of therapeutic temperatures selectively in the whole tumor region. We aimed to improve magnetic hyperthermia of breast cancer by using innovative nanoparticles which display a high heating potential and are functionalized with a cell internalization and a chemotherapeutic agent to increase cell death. Methods: The superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (MF66) were electrostatically functionalized with either Nucant multivalent pseudopeptide (N6L; MF66-N6L), doxorubicin (DOX; MF66-DOX) or both (MF66-N6LDOX). Their cytotoxic potential was assessed in a breast adenocarcinoma cell line MDA-MB-231. Therapeutic efficacy was analyzed on subcutaneous MDA-MB-231 tumor bearing female athymic nude mice. Results: All nanoparticle variants showed an excellent heating potential around 500 W/g Fe in the alternating magnetic field (AMF, conditions: H = 15.4 kA/m, f = 435 kHz). We could show a gradual inter- and intracellular release of the ligands, and nanoparticle uptake in cells was increased by the N6L functionalization. MF66-DOX and MF66-N6LDOX in combination with hyperthermia were more cytotoxic to breast cancer cells than the respective free ligands. We observed a substantial tumor growth inhibition (to 40% of the initial tumor volume, complete tumor regression in many cases) after intratumoral injection of the nanoparticles in vivo. The proliferative activity of the remaining tumor tissue was distinctly reduced. Conclusion: The therapeutic effects of breast cancer magnetic hyperthermia could be strongly enhanced by the combination of MF66 functionalized with N6L and DOX and magnetic hyperthermia. Our approach combines two ways of tumor cell killing (magnetic hyperthermia and chemotherapy) and represents a straightforward strategy for translation into the clinical practice when injecting nanoparticles intratumorallyThe described work was carried out within the project, Multifunctional Nanoparticles for the Selective Detection and Treatment of Cancer (Multifun), which is funded by the European Seventh Framework Program (FP7/2007-2013) under grant agreement number 262943. We thank Dr Vijay Patel and Liquids Research Ltd (Mentec, Deiniol Road, Bangor, Gwynedd, North Wales, UK,) for the supply of MF66 MNP. We gratefully acknowledge Julia Göring and Susann Burgold for technical assistance in carrying out in vivo experiments and Yvonne Ozegowski for animal handling. We thank Francisco J. Teran (Unidad Asociada de Nanobiotecnología CNB-CSIC & IMDEA Nanociencia, Madrid) for helpful discussions. AS and ALC acknowledge financial support from Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad (grants: SAF-15440 and BIO2012-34835) and IMDEA Nanociencia. This work was partially founded by the Comunidad de Madrid NANOFRONTMAG-CM project (S2013/MIT-2850) (IMDEA-Nanociencia)

Engineering conductive protein films through nanoscale self-assembly and gold nanoparticles doping

Protein-based materials are usually considered as insulators, although conductivity has been recently shown in proteins. This fact opens the door to develop new biocompatible conductive materials. While there are emerging efforts in this area, there is an open challenge related to the limited conductivity of protein-based systems. This work shows a novel approach to tune the charge transport properties of protein-based materials by using electron-dense AuNPs. Two strategies are combined in a unique way to generate the conductive solid films: (1) the controlled self-assembly of a protein building block; (2) the templating of AuNPs by the engineered building block. This bottom-up approach allows controlling the structure of the films and the distribution of the AuNPs within, leading to enhanced conductivity. This work illustrates a promising strategy for the development of effective hybrid protein-based bioelectrical materialsThis work was partially supported by the European Research Council ERC-CoG-648071-ProNANO, ERC-PoC-841063-NIMM, Agencia Estatal de Investigación, Spain (PID2019- 111649RB-I00; and MAT2017-88693-R), and the Basque Government (Elkartek KK-2017/00008), E.L-M thanks the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation for the FPI grant (BES-2017-079646). This work was performed under the Maria de Maeztu Units of Excellence Program from the Spanish State Research Agency – Grant No. MDM-2017-0720 (CIC biomaGUNE) and SEV-2016-0686 (IMDEA Nanociencia

Water soluble, multifunctional antibody-porphyrin gold nanoparticles for targeted photodynamic therapy

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a treatment of cancer by which tumour cells are destroyed using reactive oxygen species produced by photosensitizers following activation with visible or near infrared light. Successful PDT depends on the solubility and the targeting ability of the photosensitizers. In this work, the synthesis of a porphyrin-based water soluble nanoparticle conjugate containing a targeting agent that recognizes the erbB2 receptor overexpressed on the surface of particular cancer cells is reported. The nanoparticle conjugates were synthesized following two different protocols, viz. a biphasic and a monophasic method, with the aim to determine which method yielded the optimal nanosystem for potential PDT applications. The nanoparticles were characterized using UV–Vis absorption and fluorescence spectroscopies together with transmission electron microscopy and zeta potential measurements; and their ability to produce singlet oxygen following irradiation was investigated following the decay in absorption of a singlet oxygen probe. The nanoparticles synthesized using the monophasic method were shown to produce the highest amount of singlet oxygen and were further functionalized with anti-erbB2 antibody to target the erbB2 receptors expressed on the surface of SK-BR-3 human breast cancer cells. The water soluble, antibody-porphyrin nanoparticle conjugates were shown to elicit targeted PDT of the breast cancer cells