La pobreza en Cartagena: un análisis por barrios

En el presente documento se hace un análisis descriptivo de la pobreza urbana enCartagena. El tema se aborda desde dos perspectivas. En la primera, se analiza lapobreza desagregada por los barrios que conforman la cabecera municipal deCartagena. En la segunda, se realiza una comparación de la situaciónsocioeconómica de los habitantes de Cartagena con la de las principales ciudades deColombia. Vale la pena mencionar que este trabajo es pionero no sólo en Cartagenasino en Colombia, en cuanto al nivel de división por barrios al que se analizanindicadores socioeconómicos, tales como la pobreza, el ingreso, los logroseducativos, la migración y el autorreconocimiento racial. Dentro de los principalesresultados se comprobó una focalización espacial de la pobreza en sectoresespecíficos de la ciudad, tales como las laderas del Cerro de la Popa y los barriosaledaños a la Ciénaga de la Virgen. En estas zonas de la ciudad se concentra no sólola población más pobre sino la de menores logros educativos. Otro resultadointeresante, y que está acorde con la literatura internacional, es que en los barrioscartageneros de mayor pobreza existe también una alta proporción de habitantes quese autorreconocen de raza negra.Pobreza urbana, Cartagena, economía regional y urbana

Cotton in the new millennium: advances, economics, perceptions and problems

Cotton is the most significant natural fibre and has been a preferred choice of the textile industry and consumers since the industrial revolution began. The share of man-made fibres, both regenerated and synthetic fibres, has grown considerably in recent times but cotton production has also been on the rise and accounts for about half of the fibres used for apparel and textile goods. To cotton’s advantage, the premium attached to the presence of cotton fibre and the general positive consumer perception is well established, however, compared to commodity man-made fibres and high performance fibres, cotton has limitations in terms of its mechanical properties but can help to overcome moisture management issues that arise with performance apparel during active wear. This issue of Textile Progress aims to: i. Report on advances in cotton cultivation and processing as well as improvements to conventional cotton cultivation and ginning. The processing of cotton in the textile industry from fibre to finished fabric, cotton and its blends, and their applications in technical textiles are also covered. ii. Explore the economic impact of cotton in different parts of the world including an overview of global cotton trade. iii. Examine the environmental perception of cotton fibre and efforts in organic and genetically-modified (GM) cotton production. The topic of naturally-coloured cotton, post-consumer waste is covered and the environmental impacts of cotton cultivation and processing are discussed. Hazardous effects of cultivation, such as the extensive use of pesticides, insecticides and irrigation with fresh water, and consequences of the use of GM cotton and cotton fibres in general on the climate are summarised and the effects of cotton processing on workers are addressed. The potential hazards during cotton cultivation, processing and use are also included. iv. Examine how the properties of cotton textiles can be enhanced, for example, by improving wrinkle recovery and reducing the flammability of cotton fibre

Surgical Masks Reduce Airborne Spread of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in Colonized Patients with Cystic Fibrosis

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Increased virulence of Cunninghamella bertholletiae in experimental pulmonary mucormycosis: Correlation with circulating molecular biomarkers, sporangiospore germination and hyphal metabolism

Members of the order Mucorales are emerging invasive molds that cause infections in immunocompromised patients. However, little is known about the relation between different species of Mucorales and their virulence in invasive pulmonary mucormycosis. Based upon our earlier epidemiological studies, we hypothesized that Cunninghamella bertholletiae would demonstrate increased virulence. Therefore, we studied the relative virulence of C. bertholletiae (CB), Rhizopus oryzae (RO), R. microsporus (RM), and Mucor circinelloides (MC) in experimental invasive pulmonary mucormycosis in persistently neutropenic rabbits in relation to the fungi in vitro sporangiospore germination rate and hyphal metabolic activity. Rabbits infected with CB demonstrated (1) higher lung weights in comparison to RM (P ≤ 0.05), RO and MC (P ≤ 0.001), (2) pulmonary infarcts in comparison to RO and MC (P ≤ 0.001), (3) tissue fungal burden (CFU/g) vs. MC (P ≤ 0.001), and (4) the lowest survival of 0% (0/18), in comparison to 16% (3/18, P ≤ 0.01) of RM, 81% (21/26) of RO, and 83% (15/18) of MC-infected rabbits (P ≤ 0.001). Serum PCR concentration-time- curve showed the greatest amplitude for CB. Virulence correlated directly with sporangiospore germination rate at 4 h among species, i.e., CB (67 - 85%) > RM (14 - 56%) > RO (4 - 30%) > MC (0%), and hyphal metabolic activity, i.e., CB (1.22 - 1.51) > MC (0.54 - 0.64) = RM (0.38 - 0.41) = RO (0.37 - 0.59). C. bertholletiae was significantly more virulent in experimental invasive pulmonary mucormycosis than R. microsporus, R. oryzae, and M. circinelloides. In vivo virulence correlated with species-dependent differences of in vitro germination rate and hyphal metabolic activity. © 2013 ISHAM