Intensity fluctuations signature of 3D Anderson localization of light

Apart from the difficulty of producing highly scattering samples, a major challenge in the observation of Anderson localization of 3D light is identifying an unambiguous signature of the phase transition in experimentally feasible situations. In this letter we establish a clear correspondence between the collapse of the conductance, the increase in intensity fluctuations at the localization transition and the scaling analysis results based on the Thouless number, thus connecting the macroscopic and microscopic approaches of localization. Furthermore, the transition thus inferred is fully compatible both with the results based on the eigenvalue analysis of the microscopic description and with the effective-medium Ioffe-Regel criterion

Zehn Jahre WTO: eine Standortbestimmung

Am 1. Januar 1995 begann die World Trade Organization WTO als Nachfolgerin des Welthandelsabkommens GATT ihre Arbeit. Wie sieht die Bilanz ihrer zehnjährigen Tätigkeit aus? Welche künftigen Herausforderungen kommen auf sie zu

Zehn Jahre WTO: eine Standortbestimmung

Am 1. Januar 1995 begann die World Trade Organization WTO als Nachfolgerin des Welthandelsabkommens GATT ihre Arbeit. Wie sieht die Bilanz ihrer zehnjährigen Tätigkeit aus? Welche künftigen Herausforderungen kommen auf sie zu? --

Pratiques familiales d'un ENT au collège. Étude des effets établissement, classe et enseignant et de leur influence sur les pratiques en construction

ouvrage dirigé par Laurent Collet et Carsten WilhemInternational audienceOur study will examine the uses of an “environment numérique de travail” (ENT) by secondary schools' families. This French kind of virtual learning environment, is supposed to bring together families and school in order to help children succeed. This paper, which is a part of a larger PHD work, tries to understand how families use the ENT. Based on 85 semi-directive interviews, this research will discuss potentials school, teacher and class effects, in the emerging practices.Ce travail s’intéresse aux pratiques d’un ENT par les familles de collégiens. Ces portails en cours de généralisation dans tous les établissements secondaires français sont notamment censés rapprocher les familles et l’école. Ce travail qui fait partie d’une recherche plus large se concentre sur l’influence du dispositif offert par chaque établissement sur les pratiques familiales. En nous appuyant sur 85 entretiens semi-directifs, nous étudions de potentiels effets établissement, enseignant et classe sur les pratiques en construction

The TRIPs agreement without a competition agreement?

This paper addresses the relationship of intellectual property rights and competition policies and rules addressing the conduct of private enterprise. Intellectual property rights are considered to be essential, but not sufficient, conditions for competition. Potentially excessive scope and use need to be balanced by way of competition rules. Such balance is partly inherent to the scope of IPRs and thus within the TRIPs Agreement. Partly, it will be achieved by applying competition rules. The proper balance, it is argued, does not necessarily require the establishment of comprehensive global disciplines on private party conduct and competition in the WTO. A number of reasons and conflicting interests are discussed. The paper argues that the balance can be adequately achieved by way of national or regional anti-trust rules, and efforts to bring about adequate legal regimes in particular in developing and transitional countries should be supported by national and international fora, including the WTO. There is no need at this stage, nor would the World be ready, for global anti-trust regimes and authorities. The paper, however, argues in favour of harmonisation of rules in two major areas: International legal assistance in the prosecution of restrictive business practices and restrictions in WTO law on export cartels. Both areas would considerably enhance the prospects for a balance between IPRs and competition rules, and thus for market access in world trade law