Exigência de lisina e estimativa dos aminoácidos essenciais para tambaqui, colossoma macropomum (cuvier, 1818)

Lysine is one of the most limiting amino acids in aquafeeds due to its importance in fish body protein deposition. Therefore, lysine requirement studies are needed to optimize diets for aquaculture, especially for species such as tambaqui. In order to determine lysine requirement by dose-response method and estimate the requirement of essential amino acidsbased on ideal protein concept, tambaquis juveniles (7.7 ± 0.06 g) were distributed in 500-L tanks, in a completely randomized design. Fish were fed semipurified diets formulated with casein, gelatin and free amino acids premix, containing increasing six levels of lysine (L-lysine HCL 0.9, 1.2, 1.5, 1.8, 2.1 and 2.4%). Increasing levels of lysine did not affect tambaqui performance parameters, then it was not possible to estimate the lysine requirement by doseresponse curve. Tambaqui presented feed intake reduction, low weight gain and high feed conversion probably by the low palatability of semipurified diets. These diets significantly affected hematologic parameters hematocrit (Ht), hemoglobin concentration [Hb] and red blood cel count (RBC), but with no tendency by increasing lysine levels. Physiological parameters as cholesterol, triglycerides and plasma cortisol showed significant differences (p <0.05) between treatments. Fish fed the lowest level of dietary lysine showed the highest values for cholesterol and triglycerides. Plasma cortisol tended to decrease with increasing dietary lysine level. It was not possible to determine lysine requirement by dose-response method with levels from 0.9 to 2.4% dietary lysine. Essential amino acids requirement estimated by the amino acid content of whole body tambaqui based on ideal protein concept, were similar to other species and lysine requeriment was estimated at 6.0 and 6.2% of dietary protein by both methods.A lisina é um dos aminoácidos mais limitantes na dieta, e, devido sua importância na deposição de proteína corporal em peixes, é de grande interesse para a aquicultura, principalmente de espécies como o tambaqui. Com objetivo em determinar a exigência desse aminoácido, pelo método dose-resposta e estimar a exigência dos aminoácidos essenciais, com base no conceito de proteína ideal, juvenis de tambaqui (7,7±0,06 g) foram distribuídos em tanques de 500 L, em delineamento inteiramente ao acaso, alimentados com dieta semipurificada à base de caseína, gelatina e aminoácidos livres, contendo seis níveis de lisina (L- lisina HCL 0,9, 1,2, 1,5, 1,8, 2,1 e 2,4% da dieta). Os resultados demonstraram que as dietas com níveis crescentes de lisina não influenciaram os parâmetros zootécnicos avaliados, não permitindo estimar a exigência de lisina, por intermédio da curva dose-resposta. O tambaqui apresentou consumo reduzido, baixo ganho de peso e alta conversão alimentar com uso de dieta semipurificada, que teve como causa provável a baixa palatabilidade da dieta. A dieta semipurificada afetou significativamente os parâmetros hematológicos Ht, [Hb] e RBC, porém, sem um padrão especifico com os níveis de lisina. Os parâmetros fisiológicos, colesterol, triglicerídeos e cortisol plasmático, apresentaram diferenças significativas (p<0,05) entre os tratamentos. A dieta com menor nível de lisina apresentou os maiores valores para o colesterol e triglicerídeos. O cortisol plasmático apresentou tendência a reduzir com aumento de lisina na dieta. Não foi possível determinar a exigência de lisina pelo método dose-resposta para o intervalo de 0,9 a 2,4% de lisina na dieta. As exigências dos aminoácidos essenciais, estimados, a partir do conteúdo de aminoácidos corporais do tambaqui, com base no conceito de proteína ideal, foram similares ao encontrados para outras espécies e a lisina foi estimada em 6,0 e 6,2% da proteína dietética pelos dois métodos utilizados

Lysine demand and essential aminoacids estimate for tambaqui, Colossoma macropomum (Cuvier, 1818) / Exigência de lisina e estimativa dos aminoácidos essenciais para tambaqui, Colossoma macropomum (CUVIER, 1818)

Four hundred-fifty (450) 7.7±0.06 g juvenile tambaqui were distributed in 500L boxes, fed a casein, gelatin and free amino acids-based semipurified diet containing six lysine levels (L-lysine HCL 0.9; 1.2; 1.5; 1.8; 2,1; 2.4% of the diet), in a completely randomized design, so that their lysine requirements could be determined. Findings demonstrated that diets with rising lysine levels did not influence the assessed zootechnical parameters. Tambaqui presented reduced consumption, low weight gains and high feed conversion with the use of the semipurified diet. This diet affected the hematological parameters significantly with no changes on total proteins and plasmatic glucose. The reduction on the plasmatic cortisol with the increase of lysine in the diet suggests the lower lysine levels to have had an influence on plasmatic cortisol level values. The reduced levels of triglycerides, cholesterol and body lipids with increasing lysine levels suggest a relationship of this amino acid with the accumulation of body lipids. Essencial amino acids demand estimated from tambaqui body amino acids content, showed to be similar to that found for other species and the lysine was estimated at dietary protein 6.0 and 6.2%, through the two utilized methods. The zootechnical performance exhibited by tambaqui, using semipurified diet for the lysine 0.9 to 2.4% interval in the diet did not allow its demand to be determined through dose-response method

Dietas para a engorda de pirarucu em tanque rede: Desempenho, parâmetros fisiológicos, composição do filé e custos da alimentação

The present study evaluated practical diets with increasing levels of protein and energy on performance, fillet composition, feed cost, and physiological responses of pirarucu (Arapaima gigas) juveniles during the grow-out phase in a net cage system. In an on-farm trial for 90 days 225 pirarucu juveniles with initial weight ± standard deviation of 2025 ± 335 g were fed to apparent satiety with extruded diets containing 37.4 (T-37), 40.8 (T-40), 43.9 (T-43), 45.5 (T-46), and 47.1% (T-49) crude protein (CP), increasing lipid levels, and energy:protein ratio fixed in 10 kcal g-1. Protein and lipid concentrations in the diets influenced the cost, fillet composition, and important physiological aspects of the health maintenance and productive performance of the pirarucu juveniles. Fish fed the T-37 diet had lower concentrations of fat in body cavity, fillet and blood, and had a lower cost associated with feeding. The increase in protein and energy levels in the other diets tested reduced the economic return, did not improve the zootechnical performance and caused physiological changes in the fish. © 2019, Instytut Technologii Drewna. All rights reserved

Diretriz da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia sobre Diagnóstico e Tratamento de Pacientes com Cardiomiopatia da Doença de Chagas

This guideline aimed to update the concepts and formulate the standards of conduct and scientific evidence that support them, regarding the diagnosis and treatment of the Cardiomyopathy of Chagas disease, with special emphasis on the rationality base that supported it.&nbsp; Chagas disease in the 21st century maintains an epidemiological pattern of endemicity in 21 Latin American countries. Researchers and managers from endemic and non-endemic countries point to the need to adopt comprehensive public health policies to effectively control the interhuman transmission of T. cruzi infection, and to obtain an optimized level of care for already infected individuals, focusing on diagnostic and therapeutic opportunistic opportunities. &nbsp; Pathogenic and pathophysiological mechanisms of the Cardiomyopathy of Chagas disease were revisited after in-depth updating and the notion that necrosis and fibrosis are stimulated by tissue parasitic persistence and adverse immune reaction, as fundamental mechanisms, assisted by autonomic and microvascular disorders, was well established. Some of them have recently formed potential targets of therapies.&nbsp; The natural history of the acute and chronic phases was reviewed, with enhancement for oral transmission, indeterminate form and chronic syndromes. Recent meta-analyses of observational studies have estimated the risk of evolution from acute and indeterminate forms and mortality after chronic cardiomyopathy. Therapeutic approaches applicable to individuals with Indeterminate form of Chagas disease were specifically addressed. All methods to detect structural and/or functional alterations with various cardiac imaging techniques were also reviewed, with recommendations for use in various clinical scenarios. Mortality risk stratification based on the Rassi score, with recent studies of its application, was complemented by methods that detect myocardial fibrosis.&nbsp; The current methodology for etiological diagnosis and the consequent implications of trypanonomic treatment deserved a comprehensive and in-depth approach. Also the treatment of patients at risk or with heart failure, arrhythmias and thromboembolic events, based on pharmacological and complementary resources, received special attention. Additional chapters supported the conducts applicable to several special contexts, including t. cruzi/HIV co-infection, risk during surgeries, in pregnant women, in the reactivation of infection after heart transplantation, and others.&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; Finally, two chapters of great social significance, addressing the structuring of specialized services to care for individuals with the Cardiomyopathy of Chagas disease, and reviewing the concepts of severe heart disease and its medical-labor implications completed this guideline.Esta diretriz teve como objetivo principal atualizar os conceitos e formular as normas de conduta e evidências científicas que as suportam, quanto ao diagnóstico e tratamento da CDC, com especial ênfase na base de racionalidade que a embasou. A DC no século XXI mantém padrão epidemiológico de endemicidade em 21 países da América Latina. Investigadores e gestores de países endêmicos e não endêmicos indigitam a necessidade de se adotarem políticas abrangentes, de saúde pública, para controle eficaz da transmissão inter-humanos da infecção pelo T. cruzi, e obter-se nível otimizado de atendimento aos indivíduos já infectados, com foco em oportunização diagnóstica e terapêutica. Mecanismos patogênicos e fisiopatológicos da CDC foram revisitados após atualização aprofundada e ficou bem consolidada a noção de que necrose e fibrose sejam estimuladas pela persistência parasitária tissular e reação imune adversa, como mecanismos fundamentais, coadjuvados por distúrbios autonômicos e microvasculares. Alguns deles recentemente constituíram alvos potenciais de terapêuticas. A história natural das fases aguda e crônica foi revista, com realce para a transmissão oral, a forma indeterminada e as síndromes crônicas. Metanálises recentes de estudos observacionais estimaram o risco de evolução a partir das formas aguda e indeterminada e de mortalidade após instalação da cardiomiopatia crônica. Condutas terapêuticas aplicáveis aos indivíduos com a FIDC foram abordadas especificamente. Todos os métodos para detectar alterações estruturais e/ou funcionais com variadas técnicas de imageamento cardíaco também foram revisados, com recomendações de uso nos vários cenários clínicos. Estratificação de risco de mortalidade fundamentada no escore de Rassi, com estudos recentes de sua aplicação, foi complementada por métodos que detectam fibrose miocárdica. A metodologia atual para diagnóstico etiológico e as consequentes implicações do tratamento tripanossomicida mereceram enfoque abrangente e aprofundado. Também o tratamento de pacientes em risco ou com insuficiência cardíaca, arritmias e eventos tromboembólicos, baseado em recursos farmacológicos e complementares, recebeu especial atenção. Capítulos suplementares subsidiaram as condutas aplicáveis a diversos contextos especiais, entre eles o da co-infecção por T. cruzi/HIV, risco durante cirurgias, em grávidas, na reativação da infecção após transplante cardíacos, e outros.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Por fim, dois capítulos de grande significado social, abordando a estruturação de serviços especializados para atendimento aos indivíduos com a CDC, e revisando os conceitos de cardiopatia grave e suas implicações médico-trabalhistas completaram esta diretriz.&nbsp

Diretriz da SBC sobre Diagnóstico e Tratamento de Pacientes com Cardiomiopatia da Doença de Chagas – 2023

Note: These guidelines are for information purposes and should not replace the clinical judgment of a physician, who must ultimately determine the appropriate treatment for each patient