Intervention elements in tourism development based in institutional resources

Para el desarrollo de una zona es preciso que converjan ayudas procedentes del sector público con objeto de estimular la iniciativa privada. En este trabajo se van a proponer una serie de medidas que puedan ser practicadas por la administración pública para desarrollar económicamente una determinada zona geográfica, que pueden resultar básicas para que las diferentes empresas privadas fijen sus objetivos de inversión. Con la metodología que se propone basada en la teoría de los efectos olvidados se pretende poner al descubierto qué tipo de ayuda resultará más efectiva y proporcionará mayores repercusiones en el crecimiento y desarrollo de la zona en cuestión. Se trata de centralizar los esfuerzos en aquellos proyectos de inversión que, con el mínimo coste, maximicen los efectos a medio y largo plazo. En este orden de cosas se analizarán también los efectos cruzados y combinados que las inversiones realizadas tendrán sobre los diferentes elementos objeto de análisis. Finalmente, dado el elevado grado de evolución existe en el contexto socio-económico en el que vivimos, se hace imprescindible utilizar herramientas aptas para el tratamiento de la incertidumbre. En este sentido centraremos el planteamiento teórico-metodológico basándonos en la matemática de la incertidumbre.For the development of an area must converge assistance from the public sector to stimulate private initiative. This paper will propose a series of measures that can be afforded by the government to economically develop a given geographical area, which may be essential for different private companies set their investment objectives. With the methodology proposed based on the theory of the forgotten effect seeks to uncover what kind of help will be more effective and provide a greater impact on growth and development of the area. This is to centralize the efforts in those investment projects with minimal cost, maximize the medium and long term. In this context it will also crusade and combined effects that investments will have on the different elements under analysis. Finally, given the high degree of evolution exists in the socio-economic context in which we live, it becomes imperative to use suitable tools for the treatment of uncertainty. In this regard focus on theoretical and methodological approach based on the mathematics of uncertainty

Entrepreneurship orientation in firms started by women: the influence of external relationships

El mayor peso de la mujer en el mercado laboral y su creciente incorporación a las actividades económicas de la mano de iniciativas emprendedoras, reclama a la literatura sobre entrepreneurship un mayor interés en los aspectos específicos de este colectivo. La investigación realizada persigue avanzar en el estudio de las empresas puestas en marcha por mujeres atendiendo a la necesidad de buscar un mayor conocimiento de los factores que contribuyen a su consolidación. Con una muestra de 111 empresas propiedad de mujeres, este trabajo analiza la relación de la orientación emprendedora (OE) con su desempeño y cómo influye la adquisición de conocimiento procedente de las relaciones con clientes y colaboradores en la misma. Los resultados obtenidos demuestran, en primer lugar, una relación positiva de la OE con varios tipos de desempeño alcanzados por estas empresas, excepto los relacionados con el crecimiento de las ventas y los beneficios. En segundo lugar, se demuestra que la adquisición de conocimiento de clientes, y no la procedente de otros colaboradores, influye de manera positiva en la OE. También tienen influencia significativa la estructura de las relaciones, la orientación al crecimiento y la adopción de nuevas tecnologías por parte de estas empresas.Despite the significant development of the entrepreneurship literature, women entrepreneurship remains an insufficiently studied field. The increasing weight of women in labour market and greater participation in economic activities via entrepreneurial initiatives demand more attention in specific issues of this group. The purpose of our work is to advance in the analysis of businesses initiated by women, with a focus in the research of factors that contribute to business consolidation. Based on a sample of 111 surveys to women entrepreneurs, the present study analyzes the entrepreneurship orientation (EO) of womenowned business, its relationship with the performance and the role of knowledge acquisition from relationships with customers and collaborators. The results obtained, first, show that the EO is positively related to different types of operational but not financial performance. Second, knowledge acquisition from customers positively influences the EO, although this relationship doesn´t occur with knowledge acquisition from collaborators. We find that relations structure, growth orientation and new technologies adoption present also significant relationships

Relationship marketing in tourism sector. The case of rural tourism: a theoretical approach

En el actual contexto competitivo de los mercados, parece que el marketing relacional se revela como una estrategia capaz de dar continuidad en el tiempo a las organizaciones a través de la fidelización de sus clientes, lo que permite rentabilizar el valor que éstos le aportan. Dentro del sector turístico, las características específicas del turismo rural hacen necesaria la búsqueda de una definición de fidelidad, pues la multiplicidad de destinos y alojamientos que ofrece el turismo rural es tan amplia y variada que la probabilidad de repetición de la visita puede ser baja. El presente trabajo pretende dar luz a este interrogante a través de un abordaje teórico que siente las bases para proponer un modelo para estudiar la fidelidad en el turismo rural. Su justificación se encuentra en la necesidad de dar a las áreas rurales una alternativa a su desarrollo socioeconómico tradicional, con actividades basadas en el turismo; y por la necesidad de mejorar el desempeño de estas empresas turísticas dedicadas al turismo rural, fundamentalmente PYMES, a través de las técnicas de marketing relacional. Para ello se ha realizado un abordaje teórico del tema propuesto incidiendo en las cuestiones conceptuales del turismo rural, haciendo una pequeña revisión de las bases del marketing relacional y realizando una primera aproximación al estudio del marketing relacional en el terreno del turismo, constatándose que estos estudios son escasos, más aún en el caso específico del turismo rural. Tras analizar estudios sobre la fidelidad a los destinos turísticos, se ha verificado que los constructos imagen del destino y satisfacción son los más utilizados para su estudio. Por ello, finalmente se ha optado por utilizar el estudio de Chi y Qu (2008) como la base que constituya la propuesta de un modelo para el estudio de la fidelidad hacia un determinado destino y/o alojamiento de turismo rural. En cuanto a los resultados esperados a partir de la contrastación del modelo, se intentará definir la fidelidad en el campo del turismo rural y encontrar los factores que generan fidelidad hacia un determinado destino y/o alojamiento de turismo rural. El fin último de estos trabajos habrá de desembocar en la creación de herramientas que contribuyan a la mejora y consolidación de las relaciones entre turistas y empresas, que van a permitir a las empresas rentabilizar y mejorar su desempeño, más aún en el caso de estas PYMES turísticas.In the current competitive context of markets, relationship marketing shows itself as a strategy capable to give continuity to organizations along the time through their customers´ loyalty. That permits to get profitability of value given to them. In tourism sector, the specific characteristics of rural tourism make necessary the searching of a loyalty definition. The wide variety of destinations and accommodations that rural tourism offers makes the probability of repeating the visit very low. This work tries to answer this question though a theoretical approach that will be the basis to support a model to study the loyalty in rural tourism. Its justification is the necessity of give to rural areas one alternative to its traditional social and economic development, with activities based on tourism; and the necessity to improve the performance of these touristic companies focused on rural tourism, mainly SME, throughout relationship marketing techniques. Thus, a theoretical approach of the proposed topic has been realized, highlighting the conceptual matters of rural tourism. Then, a small revision of relationship marketing basis was made, making an initial approximation to relationship marketing applied to tourism. It was checked that these studies are limited, especially in the specific case of rural tourism. When analyzed the loyalty studies about tourism destinations, it was verified that the constructs destination image and satisfaction are the most utilized for its study. It is for that reason, that finally it has been opted by using the work of Chi and Qu (2008) as a base for building the model proposed for the study of loyalty to a destination and/or accommodation of rural tourism. In related to the expected results, after get a contrast of the model, it will be tried to give a definition of loyalty in the rural tourism context and found the factors that generate loyalty to a destination and/or accommodation of rural tourism. The last objective of these works will be the creation of tools that would be able to improve and consolidate the relations between tourists and these companies. This has to permit that these companies get profitability and improve its performance, moreover in the case of these touristic SME

Los récords de la pintura: dos mercados paralelos dentro y fuera de nuestras fronteras

Este artículo analiza los distintos mercados de bienes artísticos y de colección generados por la existencia de factores externos a las obras de arte (legislación de Patrimonio Histórico de cada país, tradición coleccionista, conducta de la actividad comercial, gustos y modas de los compradores). Estos factores extrínsecos son los responsables de la gran diferencia de precio que observamos entre los récords alcanzados por el mercado pictórico internacional y el español. Resulta curioso que España, segundo país con mayor patrimonio cultural del mundo, sólo por detrás de Italia, tenga una relevancia tan escasa en el mercado del arte a nivel internacional, en cuanto a valoración económica de las obras vendidas, debido al gravamen que suponen las tasas de exportación, que limitan la competitividad del mercado nacional. Por otro lado, también observamos distintas pautas de actuación de los comerciantes profesionales del mercado del arte, según el mercado en que se encuentren, adaptando las características de las obras a los gustos y modas del cliente tipo de cada país para obtener la máxima rentabilidad en cada venta.This paper analyses different art and collectible markets, which are generated by external factors of Master pieces as: Cultural Laws, behaviour of collectors, commercial activity behaviour, taste or preferences of clients). Those external factors are responsible of the big difference of record prices between International and Spanish markets paintings. It is extremely curious that Spain, with the second Historic Heritage in the world, just after Italy, has so little importance in terms of economic valuation of the master pieces sold, in an international perspective. This low valuation is due to the fact of the exportation fee charged by the Spanish Ministry of Culture, which limits the Spanish competitiveness. At the same time, we find different behaviours of art professionals, searching finest places and sell procedures to obtain best results in the prices, adapting each master piece on each opportune market

Barreras de cambio y confianza: impacto sobre las recomendaciones boca-oído en el entorno online

El objetivo del presente trabajo es contribuir al estudio de los factores que favorecen una de las manifestaciones más interesantes de la lealtad: las recomendaciones favorables a terceros. Para ello se ha elegido como contexto de análisis el sector de las agencias de viaje virtuales. En dicho entorno y, a diferencia de las investigaciones existentes hasta la fecha en el entorno on-line, se evalúa el papel que tienen las barreras de cambio en la estabilización de las relaciones entre la empresa y sus clientes, distinguiendo dentro de las mismas dos componentes en función de su naturaleza: barreras de cambio positivas y barreras de cambio negativas. Se comprueba la influencia directa de dichas barreras de cambio sobre la comunicación interpersonal, así como su contribución a la capacidad explicativa de una de las variables clave en el marketing de relaciones: la confianza. Las implicaciones empresariales que se derivan de los resultados obtenidos en la investigación empírica facilitan la reflexión a las empresas que operan en la Red sobre estrategias adecuadas que permitan obtener una cartera de clientes estables que lleven a cabo recomendaciones positivas a terceros.In the services sector positive word-of-mouth is regarded as one of the most important consumer behavior for firms Thus, one of the most important questions within services marketing is the analysis of the factors influencing this variable, with a view to strengthening it.The current article attempts to extend previous research by testing the effects of customer trust and two types of switching barriers – negative and positive – on the most relevant manifestation of attitudinal loyalty (positive recommendations) in an online environment: virtual travel agencies. To this end, a total of 480 online customers were surveyed. The hypotheses were tested using structural linear equations through EQS version 6.1a for Windows. The distinction between negative and positive switching barriers is important to draw theoretical and managerial implications

Validation of the Spanish version of the Franciscan Hospital for Children Oral Health-Related Quality of Life questionnaire

The Franciscan Hospital for Children Oral Health-Related Quality of Life questionnaire (FHC-OHRQOL-Q) is an instrument designed specifically for parents and caregivers of patients with special needs that has not yet been applied in Spain. The aim of this study was to adapt it to Spanish and evaluate its reliability and validity in patients with intellectual disability (ID) treated under general anesthesia. The study was conducted in two different stages: a) cross-cultural adaptation of the original questionnaire, and b) cross-sectional study on 100 parents and caregivers who completed the piloted FHC-OHRQOL-Q. The patients were examined according to the WHO methodology. Dental treatments performed were recorded. Statistical tests were used to evaluate reliability (internal consistency) and validity (content, criterion, construct and discriminant) of the instrument. The mean age was 24 years (range=4-71 years). The most frequent causes of ID were psychomotor retardation (25%) and cerebral palsy (24%). The items most frequently answered by parents and caregivers were eating and nutrition problems (80%) and bad breath/taste (57%). Reliability (Cronbach?s alpha coefficient) was considered excellent (alpha=0.80-0.95). The analysis of the factorial validity yielded similar results to the original questionnaire. The high response rate of items (>96%) allowed content validity. Criterion validity was confirmed by a significant correlation with questions on oral health and oral well-being. Discriminant validity was demonstrated by the significant association of ?21.5 years of age with worse oral symptoms (p=0.034) and parental concerns (p=0.005), DMFT index ?3 with daily life problems (p=0.02), ?4 decayed teeth with daily life problems (p=0.001), and >2 dental extractions with oral symptoms (p=0.000), daily life problems (p=0.002) and parent´s perceptions (p=0.043). The FHC-OHRQOL-Q in Spanish is a reliable and valid instrument to apply in clinical practice to evaluate the impact of OHRQOL in mostly adult patients with ID, accessible to Spanish-speaking parents and caregivers

In vivo PET Imaging of Gliogenesis After Cerebral Ischemia in Rats

In vivopositron emission tomography of neuroinflammation has mainly focused on the evaluation of glial cell activation using radiolabeled ligands. However, the non-invasive imaging of neuroinflammatory cell proliferation has been scarcely evaluated so far.In vivoandex vivoassessment of gliogenesis after transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) in rats was carried out using PET imaging with the marker of cell proliferation 3 '-Deoxy-3 '-[18F] fluorothymidine ([F-18]FLT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and fluorescence immunohistochemistry. MRI-T2W studies showed the presence of the brain infarction at 24 h after MCAO affecting cerebral cortex and striatum.In vivoPET imaging showed a significant increase in [F-18]FLT uptake in the ischemic territory at day 7 followed by a progressive decline from day 14 to day 28 after ischemia onset. In addition, immunohistochemistry studies using Ki67, CD11b, and GFAP to evaluate proliferation of microglia and astrocytes confirmed the PET findings showing the increase of glial proliferation at day 7 after ischemia followed by decrease later on. Hence, these results show that [F-18]FLT provides accurate quantitative information on the time course of glial proliferation in experimental stroke. Finally, this novel brain imaging method might guide on the imaging evaluation of the role of gliogenesis after stroke.The authors would like to thank A. Leukona, X. Rios-Anglada, and V. Salinas for technical support in the radiosynthesis. This study was funded by grants from the Spanish Ministry of Education and Science/FEDER RYC-2017-22412, SAF2016-75292-R, PID2019-107989RB-I00, the Basque Government (IT1203/19, BIO18/IC/006) and CIBERNED. Maria Ardaya holds a fellowship from the University of Pais Vasco. Ana Joya acknowledges funding from Fundacio La Marato de TV3 (17/C/2017). Part of the work has been performed under the Maria de Maeztu Units of Excellence Program from the Spanish State Research Agency (Grant No. MDM-2017-0720)

In vivo multimodal imaging of adenosine A1 receptors in neuroinflammation after experimental stroke

Adenosine A(l) receptors (A(l)ARs) are promising imaging biomarkers and targets for the treatment of stroke. Nevertheless, the role of A(l)ARs on ischemic damage and its subsequent neuroinflammatory response has been scarcely explored so far. Methods: In this study, the expression of A(1)ARs after transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) was evaluated by positron emission tomography (PET) with [F-18]CPFPX and immunohistochemistry (IHC). In addition, the role of AIARs on stroke inflammation using pharmacological modulation was assessed with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), PET imaging with [F-18]DPA-714 (TSPO) and [F-18]FLT (cellular proliferation), as well as IHC and neurofunctional studies. Results: In the ischemic territory, [F-18]CPFPX signal and IHC showed the overexpression of A(l)ARs in microglia and infiltrated leukocytes after cerebral ischemia. Ischemic rats treated with the AAR agonist ENBA showed a significant decrease in both [F-18]DPA-714 and [F-18]FLT signal intensities at day 7 after cerebral ischemia, a feature that was confirmed by IHC results. Besides, the activation of A(l)AR promoted the reduction of the brain lesion, as measured with T2W-MRI, and the improvement of neurological outcome including motor, sensory and reflex responses. These results show for the first time the in vivo PET imaging of A(l)AR expression after cerebral ischemia in rats and the application of [F-18]FLT to evaluate glial proliferation in response to treatment. Conclusion: Notably, these data provide evidence for A(l)AR playing a key role in the control of both the activation of resident glia and the de novo proliferation of microglia and macrophages after experimental stroke in rats.The authors would like to thank A. Leukona and V. Salinas for technical support in the radiosynthesis. This study was funded by grants from the Spanish Ministry of Education and Science/FEDER RYC-201722412, SAF2016-75292-R, SAF2017-87670-R and PID2019-107989RB-I00, the Basque Government (IT1203/19, BIO18/IC/006) and CIBERNED. Maria Ardaya holds a fellowship from the University of Pais Vasco. Ana Joya acknowledges funding from Fundacio La Marato de TV3 (17/C/2017). Juan Jose Gutierrez acknowledges funding from Euskampus Fundazioa. Jordi Llop also acknowledges The Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (Grant CTQ2017-87637-R). Part of the work has been performed under the Maria de Maeztu Units of Excellence Program from the Spanish State Research Agency (Grant No. MDM-2017-0720)

A Neutrophil Timer Coordinates Immune Defense and Vascular Protection

Neutrophils eliminate pathogens efficiently but can inflict severe damage to the host if they over-activate within blood vessels. It is unclear how immunity solves the dilemma of mounting an efficient anti-microbial defense while preserving vascular health. Here, we identify a neutrophil-intrinsic program that enabled both. The gene Bmal1 regulated expression of the chemokine CXCL2 to induce chemokine receptor CXCR2-dependent diurnal changes in the transcriptional and migratory properties of circulating neutrophils. These diurnal alterations, referred to as neutrophil aging, were antagonized by CXCR4 (C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4) and regulated the outer topology of neutrophils to favor homeostatic egress from blood vessels at night, resulting in boosted anti-microbial activity in tissues. Mice engineered for constitutive neutrophil aging became resistant to infection, but the persistence of intravascular aged neutrophils predisposed them to thrombo-inflammation and death. Thus, diurnal compartmentalization of neutrophils, driven by an internal timer, coordinates immune defense and vascular protection. Neutrophils display circadian oscillations in numbers and phenotype in the circulation. Adrover and colleagues now identify the molecular regulators of neutrophil aging and show that genetic disruption of this process has major consequences in immune cell trafficking, anti-microbial defense, and vascular health.This study was supported by Intramural grants from A∗STAR to L.G.N., BES-2013-065550 to J.M.A., BES-2010-032828 to M.C.-A, and JCI-2012-14147 to L.A.W (all from Ministerio de Economía, Industria y Competitividad; MEIC). Additional MEIC grants were SAF2014-61993-EXP to C.L.-R.; SAF2015-68632-R to M.A.M. and SAF-2013-42920R and SAF2016-79040Rto D.S. D.S. also received 635122-PROCROP H2020 from the European Commission and ERC CoG 725091 from the European Research Council (ERC). ERC AdG 692511 PROVASC from the ERC and SFB1123-A1 from the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft were given to C.W.; MHA VD1.2/81Z1600212 from the German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK) was given to C.W. and O.S.; SFB1123-A6 was given to O.S.; SFB914-B08 was given to O.S. and C.W.; and INST 211/604-2, ZA 428/12-1, and ZA 428/13-1 were given to A.Z. This study was also supported by PI12/00494 from Fondo de Investigaciones Sanitarias (FIS) to C.M.; PI13/01979, Cardiovascular Network grant RD 12/0042/0054, and CIBERCV to B.I.; SAF2015-65607-R, SAF2013-49662-EXP, and PCIN-2014-103 from MEIC; and co-funding by Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (FEDER) to A.H. The CNIC is supported by the MEIC and the Pro CNIC Foundation and is a Severo Ochoa Center of Excellence (MEIC award SEV-2015-0505)

Decisions of refusal Intensive Care Units' admission as a measure of limitation of life support treatments: geographical variability in Spain

From a post hoc analysis of the ADENI-UCI study (multicenter, observational, cohort, prospective study, with a follow-up period of 13 months, in 62 Intensive Medicine Services in Spain. geographical differences in the reason for denial of income in UCI as a LTSV measure are analyzed. A total of 2284 with an average age of 75.25 (12.45) years were included. 59.43% male. By means of multinominal regression adjusted by age, sex, APACHE and SOFA, was evident (by choosing the northern for reference) that age in the south was a less significantly exposed reason (OR: 0.48 (IC95%: 0.35-0.65). p