The experimental foundations of Galen's teleology

This article outlines in details specific experiments that Galen performed. It explores how his methodology for experimentation was a sophisticated response to the rationalist-empirist debate as it occurred in ancient medicine

Landscape Structure, Flow Path, and Transport Co-Evolution in the Deeply Weathered Piedmont

Sulfate in freshwater systems is an important nutrient and pollutant with implications for the nutrient cycles. While there are many potential suburban sulfate sources including building materials, septic drainage, and lawn products, the sulfate excreted to the environment through these sources has not been quantified. Co-located suburban and forested headwater catchments were investigated. Suburban stream baseflow sulfate concentrations and annual fluxes were consistently and substantially higher than forested stream values and concentration-discharge relationships were positive across land use. High soil sulfate content and the concentration-discharge dynamics suggest that sulfate is stored in soil and mobilized by wet conditions. Atmospheric sulfate deposition rates resemble the forested stream sulfate export. Budgets of maximum possible sulfate contributions for suburban sources and comparison of sulfate isotope values suggests that septic fields and fertilizer may be the most substantial contributors. Landscape structure, water storage and transport co-evolve and shape the availability of essential resources and mobility of pollutants like sulfate. Understanding controls on landscape structure and hydraulic gradients is essential to predicting groundwater storage and water and solute transport. Structure of a hillslope transect was explored with a 45 m borehole in the ridge and shallow bedrock boreholes at the toe-of-slope and valley. Water level modeling in ridge, toe-of-slope, and valley wells shows that hydraulic gradients between the toe-of-slope to the valley are most closely related to total stream discharge, while the ridge to valley hydraulic gradient is related to the baseflow component of the streamflow. Plagioclase weathering is the profile initiating reaction, dipping to lower elevations under the ridge than the valley. This bottom boundary location aligns with the previous hypothesis that topographical stress-controlled fracture opening may initiate weathering. Iron oxidation in garnet is the saprolite initiating reaction and may generate initial porosity through reductions in volume, rather than strain induced fracturing. Mica weathering co-occurs with complete depletion of plagioclase above the iron oxidation front. The location and shape of the saprolite weathering fronts may be controlled by the feedback between transport of reactants and solutes and reaction generated porosity, consistent with the conceptual valve hypothesis

Feasibility Study of the Upton Scott House for Mrs. Coleman duPont

The purpose of this feasibility study was to determine if the Scott house site warranted full-scale investigation and, if so, to formulate a series of recommendations to that end. This preliminary study involved three phases: 1. Construction of an historical base map illustrating the chronological sequence of ownership, development, and change. 2. Construction of an archaeological base map recording all standing structures and visible features. 3. Limited test excavations, the results of which were incorporated into the archaeological base map. Work was carried out by a site supervisor and two crew members during the week of July 31-August 4, 1972