Body image and dietary habits in adolescents: a systematic review

Context: Adolescence is a critical developmental stage in which increasing concerns about body image (BI) coincide with the consolidation of dietary habits (DHs). Multiple studies have sought robust associations between BI and DHs to prevent unhealthy behaviors. Objective: The aim of this systematic review was to examine the available literature on the association between BI perception (BIP) and/or satisfaction (BIS) and DHs in adolescents. Data Sources: A search was carried out of 5 electronic databases (PubMed, SciELO, Cochrane, Embase, and PsycInfo) using a combination of keywords (and synonyms) related to adolescence, BI, and diet. Data Extraction: Data screening, extraction, and quality assessment were performed independently by 2 investigators using the PRISMA and AXIS guidelines. Data Analysis: Of 2496 articles screened, 30 articles, published in English or Spanish, that evaluated the relationship between BI and DHs in adolescents aged between 10 years and 18 years, were included. A relationship between accurate BI perception in adolescents and healthy DHs was reported in 5 articles (16.2%). A relationship between overestimation of body weight in adolescents and healthy DHs was reported in 4 articles (13.3%). A relationship between underestimation of body weight and unhealthy DHs was reported in 8 articles (26.7%). In addition, 4 articles (13.3%) reported a relationship between BIS and healthy DHs. The desire to gain weight was associated with unhealthy DHs in 3 (10%) of the articles, while the desire to lose weight was related to healthy DHs in 3 (10%) of the articles and to unhealthy DHs in 3 (10%) other articles. There were also gender differences in the relationship between BIP or BIS and DHs. Conclusion: Adolescents who underestimate their body weight tend to report less healthy DHs than body weight overestimators. Adolescents unsatisfied with their BI and with a drive for thinness frequently engage in DHs linked to losing weight. Systematic Review Registration: PROSPERO registration no. CRD42020184625

DIGESTIVE ENZYMES PROFILE IN OCTOPUS VULGARIS PARALARVAE FED WITH ARTEMIA ENRICHED WITH MARINE PHOSPHOLIPIDS

The common octopus (Octopus vulgaris) is an excellent candidate for aquaculture production, however the development of its culture needs to overcome the high paralarvae mortality which points out to zootechnical and nutritional problems. Enhancing the knowledge on paralarvae digestive physiology could increase the possibilities to optimize the diet in order to improve the paralarval growth and survival. In the present study, the effect of fed with Artemia enriched with marine phospholipids on digestive enzyme activity of octopus paralarvae from hatchling and 12 days old paralarvae have been studied

Subclinical Atherosclerosis in Young, Socioeconomically Vulnerable Hispanic and Non-Hispanic Black Adults.

BACKGROUND Non-Hispanic Black persons are at greater risk of cardiovascular (CV) events than other racial/ethnic groups; however, their differential vulnerability to early subclinical atherosclerosis is poorly understood. OBJECTIVES This work aims to study the impact of race/ethnicity on early subclinical atherosclerosis in young socioeconomically disadvantaged adults. METHODS Bilateral carotid and femoral 3-dimensional vascular ultrasound examinations were performed on 436 adults (parents/caregivers and staff) with a mean age of 38.0 ± 11.1 years, 82.3% female, 66% self-reported as Hispanic, 34% self-reported as non-Hispanic Black, and no history of CV disease recruited in the FAMILIA (Family-Based Approach in a Minority Community Integrating Systems-Biology for Promotion of Health) trial from 15 Head Start preschools in Harlem (neighborhood in New York, New York, USA). The 10-year Framingham CV risk score was calculated, and the relationship between race/ethnicity and the presence and extent of subclinical atherosclerosis was analyzed with multivariable logistic and linear regression models. RESULTS The mean 10-year Framingham CV risk was 4.0%, with no differences by racial/ethnic category. The overall prevalence of subclinical atherosclerosis was significantly higher in the non-Hispanic Black (12.9%) than in the Hispanic subpopulation (6.6%). After adjusting for 10-year Framingham CV risk score, body mass index, fruit and vegetable consumption, physical activity, and employment status, non-Hispanic Black individuals were more likely than Hispanic individuals to have subclinical atherosclerosis (OR: 3.45; 95% CI: 1.44-8.29; P = 0.006) and multiterritorial disease (P = 0.026). CONCLUSIONS After adjustment for classic CV risk, lifestyle, and socioeconomic factors, non-Hispanic Black younger adults seem more vulnerable to early subclinical atherosclerosis than their Hispanic peers, suggesting that the existence of emerging or undiscovered CV factors underlying the residual excess risk (Family-Based Approach in a Minority Community Integrating Systems-Biology for Promotion of Health [FAMILIA (Project 2)]; NCT02481401).This study was funded by the American Heart Association under grant No 14SFRN20490315 and the Stephen Gellman Children’s Outreach Program. Dr Fernandez-Jimenez is recipient of grant PI19/01704 funded by the Fondo de Investigación Sanitaria- Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII) and co-funded by the European Regional Development Fund/European Social Fund "A way to make Europe"/"Investing in your future." Dr Santos-Beneit is recipient of grant LCF/PR/MS19/ 12220001 funded by “la Caixa” Foundation (ID 100010434). The CNIC is supported by the ISCIII, the Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (MCIN) and the Pro CNIC Foundation, and is a Severo Ochoa Center of Excellence (grant CEX2020-001041-S funded by MICIN/AEI/10.13039/ 501100011033). All other authors have reported that they have no relationships relevant to the contents of this paper to disclose.S

The challenge of sustainability: Long-term results from the Fifty-Fifty peer group-based intervention in cardiovascular risk factors.

The Fifty-Fifty trial demonstrated that a peer-group-based intervention was able to improve healthy behaviors in individuals with cardiovascular (CV) risk factors immediately post-intervention. To determine the long-term sustainability of a one-year peer-group-based intervention focused on CV health and behavior. A total of 543 adults aged 25 to 50 years with at least 1 CV risk factor were screened and recruited, received initial training through workshops, and were then randomized 1:1 to a peer-group-based intervention group (IG) or a self-management control group (CG) for 12 months. At a median of 52 months from baseline, 321 participants were re-assessed (~60% retention). The primary outcome was the mean change in a composite health score related to blood pressure, exercise, weight, alimentation, and tobacco use (Fuster-BEWAT score [FBS], range 0-15). Intervention effects were assessed using linear-mixed effects models. The mean age of retained participants was 48.0 years (SD: 5.4), and 73% were female. Consistent with previous results, the change of overall FBS was significantly greater in the IG than in the CG at 12-month follow-up (between-group difference, 0.60 points; 95% CI, 0.08-1.12; P = .025). Assessment of long-term sustainability (52-month follow-up) showed that there were no between-group differences in the mean overall FBS (IG mean score, 8.52; 95% CI, 7.97-9.07 vs CG mean score, 8.51; 95% CI, 7.93-9.10; P = .972) or in the change of overall FBS from screening (IG mean change, 0.64; 95% CI, 0.00-1.28; CG mean change, 0.46; 95% CI, -0.20-1.12; P = .497). A one-year peer-group-based intervention showed favorable results at immediate post-intervention but did not demonstrate significant differences between the IG and CG at 52 months. Combination of an initial training period (workshops) with the maintenance of peer-support groups or other re-intervention strategies may be required to achieve sustained effects on healthy behaviors. ClinicalTrials.gov identifier NCT02367963. Registered (https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT02367963).This study was co-funded by the SHE Foundation -“la Caixa” Foundation (LCF/PR/CE16/10700001 and LCF/PR/MS19/12220001) and the Ministry of Health, Social Services and Equality. R.F-J is recipient of funding from the Instituto de Salud Carlos III-Fondo de Investigacion Sanitaria (PI19/01704) co-funded by the European Regional Development Fund/European Social Fund (“A way to make Europe”/“Investing in your future”). The CNIC is supported by the Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), the Ministry of Science and Innovation, and the Pro CNIC Foundation and is a Severo Ochoa Center of Excellence (SEV-2015-0505).S

Lessons Learned From 10 Years of Preschool Intervention for Health Promotion: JACC State-of-the-Art Review.

Implementing a health promotion program for children is a complex endeavor. In this review, we outline the key lessons learned over 10 years of experience in implementing the SI! Program (Salud Integral-Comprehensive Health) for cardiovascular health promotion in preschool settings in 3 countries: Colombia (Bogotá), Spain (Madrid), and the United States (Harlem, New York). By matching rigorous efficacy studies with implementation science, we can help bridge the divide between science and educational practice. Achieving sustained lifestyle changes in preschool children through health promotion programs is likely to require the integration of several factors: 1) multidisciplinary teams; 2) multidimensional educational programs; 3) multilevel interventions; 4) local program coordination and community engagement; and 5) scientific evaluation through randomized controlled trials. Implementation of effective health promotion interventions early in life may induce long-lasting healthy behaviors that could help to curb the cardiovascular disease epidemic.This work is supported by the SHE Foundation and “la Caixa” Foundation (LCF/CE16/10700001). The project in Colombia was funded by Santo Domingo Foundation; the study in the United States (FAMILIA) was funded by the American Heart Association (grant no. 14SFRN20490315); and the study in Spain (SI! Program) was funded by the SHE Foundation, the research grant FIS-PI11/ 01885 (Fondo de Investigación Sanitaria del Instituto de Salud Carlos III), and Fundació la Marató de TV3 (369/C/2016). Dr SantosBeneit is the recipient of grant LCF/PR/MS19/12220001 funded by “la Caixa” Foundation (ID 100010434). Dr Fernández-Jiménez is the recipient of grant PI19/01704 funded by the Fondo de Investigación Sanitaria–Instituto de Salud Carlos III and co-funded by the European Regional Development Fund/European Social Fund “A way to make Europe”/“Investing in your future.” The Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares is supported by the Instituto de Salud Carlos III, the Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación, and the Pro CNIC Foundation, and is a Severo Ochoa Center of Excellence (CEX2020-001041-S). All other authors have reported that they have no relationships relevant to the contents of this paper to disclose.S

Clustering of lifestyle behaviors and adiposity in early adolescents in Spain: findings from the SI! Program for Secondary Schools.

BACKGROUND Several unhealthy lifestyle behaviors in adolescence are often linked to overweight/obesity. Some of them may be present simultaneously, leading to combined effects on health. Therefore, the clustering of several unhealthy behaviors in adolescents might be associated with adiposity excess. PURPOSE To identify lifestyle patterns and analyze their association with adiposity in early adolescents. METHODS A cross-sectional cluster analysis was performed in 1183 adolescents (50.5% girls) with a mean age of 12.5 (0.4) years included in the SI! Program for Secondary Schools in Spain to identify lifestyle patterns based on healthy diet, step counts, sleep time, and leisure screen time. Generalized mixed models were applied to estimate the association between lifestyle patterns and adiposity indices. RESULTS Four lifestyle patterns were derived: Cluster 1-higher screen time and poorer diet (n = 213), Cluster 2-lower activity and longer sleepers (n = 388), Cluster 3-active and shorter sleepers (n = 280), and Cluster 4-healthiest (n = 302). Except for the number of steps (12,008 (2357) day), the lifestyle behaviors in our sample presented levels far below the recommendations, especially for sleep duration. Cluster 4 included the largest proportion of adolescents from high socioeconomic status families (47.7%) and the lowest prevalence of overweight/obesity (23.1%). Compared to Cluster 4-healthiest, adolescents in the remaining clusters presented a higher prevalence of overweight/obesity and central obesity, showing Cluster 3 the highest prevalences (PR:1.31 [95%CI: 1.31, 1.31] and PR:1.40 [95%CI: 1.33, 1.47]). CONCLUSIONS Clustering of lifestyle patterns in early adolescence allows the identification of individuals with excess adiposity, in whom health promotion strategies should be stressed, especially in socioeconomically disadvantaged groups. TRIAL REGISTRATION Clinical Trial Registry, NCT03504059. Registered 20/04/2018-Retrospectively registered, https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03504059 .The SI! Program for Secondary Schools trial was supported by the SHE Foun‑ dation- “la Caixa” Foundation under the agreement LCF/PR/CE16/10700001 and the Fundació la Marató de TV3 (grant 369/C/2016). GSB is recipient of grant LCF/PR/MS19/12220001 funded by “la Caixa” Foundation (ID 100010434). RFJ is recipient of grants PI19/01704 and PI22/01560 funded by the Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII) and co-funded by the European Union. ATR is a Serra Húnter Fellow. JMG was a postgraduate fellow of the Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación at the Residencia de Estudiantes (2020–2022) and is a recipient of grant FPU21/04891 (Ayudas para la formación de profesorado universi‑ tario, FPU-2021) from the Ministerio de Educación, Cultura y Deporte. EPLS is a FI-SDUR (EMC/3345/2020) fellowship from the Generalitat de Catalunya. Support was also provided by the Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (MCIN) (grant PID2020-114022RB-I00), and Generalitat de Catalunya. The CNIC is sup‑ ported by the ISCIII, the MCIN, and the Pro CNIC Foundation, and is a Severo Ochoa Center of Excellence grant CEX2020-001041-S funded by MICIN/ AEI/10.13039/501100011033.S

Erratum: Dietary patterns and cardiovascular risk factors in spanish adolescents: A cross-sectional analysis of the si! program for health promotion in secondary schools (Nutrients (2019), 11, 2297, 10.3390/nu11102297)

The authors have requested that the following changes be made to their paper [1]. Correction 1 The following content in the Abstract on page 1: “No overall differences in CVRF were observed between clusters except for z-BMI values, total cholesterol, and non-HDL cholesterol, with the Processed cluster showing the lowest mean values.” was changed to: “No overall differences in CVRF were observed between clusters except for z-BMI and z-FMI values, total cholesterol, and non-HDL cholesterol, with the Processed cluster showing the lowest mean values.” Correction 2 The following content in the Discussion section on page 8: “Our analysis of associations between DPs and CVRF only found significant associations for z-BMI, TC, and non-HDL cholesterol, with z-BMI in particular being higher in the Traditional and Healthy clusters than in the Processed cluster.” was changed to: “Our analysis of associations between DPs and CVRF only found significant associations for z-BMI, z-FMI, TC, and non-HDL cholesterol, with z-BMI in particular being higher in the Traditional and Healthy clusters than in the Processed cluster.” Correction 3 The following content related to z-FMI in the Appendix section, A1, page 10: Table A1. Cardiovascular risk factors of participants according to tertiles of principal component analysis (PCA). (Table presented). The authors apologize for any inconvenience caused to the readers by the changes, stating it does not affect the scientific results. The original manuscript will remain online on the article webpage, with a reference to this Erratum