BREXIT: Europar Batasunaren Etorkizuna Kolokan. Garapen historikoa, negoziaketak eta eszenatoki posibleak.

Gradu amaierako lan honetan, Brexita eta Europar Batasunaren etorkizuna aztertzen dira; garrantzia handiko gertakari historikoa izan da hau, eta Europar Batasunaren etorkizuna ziurgabetasunez josia utzi du. Lanean, batez ere bost hipotesi hauek frogatzen saiatu naiz: 1. Britainiarrek Europarekiko duten mesfidantzak erro historiko zabalak ditu. 2. Gaur egun bizi dugun nazioarteko kontestuak garrantzia izan du Brexitaren aldeko jarrera gainjartzeko orduan. 3. Barne faktoreen eragina berebizikoa izan da. Eskozian, Ipar Irlandan eta Ingalaterran eragin duten faktore hauek desberdinak izan dira. 4. Europar instituzioen jarrera azkenengo testuinguruan indartu eta bateratu egin da, batez ere Frantziako hauteskundeen emaitzen ostean. 5. Aurreko hipotesian aipatutakoak, europar instituzioen indartzeak alegia, negoziaketek hard Brexitaren bidea hartzea eragingo du. Horrela, literatura eta txosten zientifikoen laguntzaz, Brexitaren irudi zabala izango dugu eta Europar Batasunaren etorkizuneko balizko eszenatokiak azalduko ditugu

Grid Frequency and Amplitude Control Using DFIG Wind Turbines in a Smart Grid

Wind-generated energy is a fast-growing source of renewable energy use across the world. A dual-feed induction machine (DFIM) employed in wind generators provides active and reactive, dynamic and static energy support. In this document, the droop control system will be applied to adjust the amplitude and frequency of the grid following the guidelines established for the utility’s smart network supervisor. The wind generator will work with a maximum deloaded power curve, and depending on the reserved active power to compensate the frequency drift, the limit of the reactive power or the variation of the voltage amplitude will be explained. The aim of this paper is to show that the system presented theoretically works correctly on a real platform. The real-time experiments are presented on a test bench based on a 7.5 kW DFIG from Leroy Somer’s commercial machine that is typically used in industrial applications. A synchronous machine that emulates the wind profiles moves the shaft of the DFIG. The amplitude of the microgrid voltage at load variations is improved by regulating the reactive power of the DFIG and this is experimentally proven. The contribution of the active power with the characteristic of the droop control to the load variation is made by means of simulations. Previously, the simulations have been tested with the real system to ensure that the simulations performed faithfully reflect the real system. This is done using a platform based on a real-time interface with the DS1103 from dSPACE.This research was funded by the Basque Government through the project SMAR3NAK (ELKARTEK KK-2019/00051), the Diputación Foral de Álava (DFA) through the project CONAVAUTIN 2 and the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU) through (PPGA20/06)

Sliding mode control of an active power filter with photovoltaic maximum power tracking

Nowadays, the increase in solar energy installations as a source of energy is growing considerably. The connection to the grid of these installations generally injects all the power obtained from the panel as active power, making zero the reactive power. The same power injection system can be used to achieve a unit power factor if the active filter feature is integrated in it. In this paper, an active power filter (APF) that can control both, the MPP (maximum power point) of a photovoltaic system (PV) and the power factor of a nonlinear load connected to the grid using a three phase DC/AC power inverter with new sliding mode controllers is presented. Perturbation–observation (P&O) is the used MPPT algorithm and three Sliding Mode Controllers (SMC) are used to regulate the DC voltage of the PV and the current d and q components of the active filter using the PQ theory. With a SMC, no exact knowledge of the model parameters is required and it offers good behavior against unmodeled dynamics, insensitivity to parameter variations and good rejection of external disturbances. The space vector pulse wide modulation (SVPWM) of 7 and 5 segments is implemented in order to check the efficiency and grid current ripple. Several experimental tests have been carried in different conditions, concluding that the presented system provides an efficient maximum power tracking and a good power filter characteristic.The authors are very grateful to the UPV/EHU by its support through the project PPGA18/04, to the Basque Government by its support through the project ETORTEK KK-2017/00033 and to the Gipuzkoako Foru Aldundia by its support through the project Etorkizuna Eraikiz 2019

Precise functionalization of NPs towards chiral NP dimers

In the ChiroSense project we are developing a new chiroptical biosensor based on a dimer of gold and silicon nanoparticles (NPs), utilizing plasmonically enhanced circular dichroism (CD) measurements to probe molecule conformation in solution with increased sensitivity [1]. The development will strongly be guided by the use of consensus tetratricopeptide repeat (CTPR) proteins as a highly modular and well-defined structural probe, while simultaneously being employed as structural linker of the nano-particle dimer [2]. To deconvolute the structural and molecular components of the CD signal, the dimer will also be formed using single stranded DNA (ssDNA), which is also modular but lacks the distinct CD signal of CTPR [3]. Precisely controlling the loading ratio of molecules per NP is crucial for both approaches to achieve stable NPs that do not aggregate but are still able to form dimers. Here we present our initial results on the development of these chiral NP dimers. To achieve functionalized NPs that enable dimer formation, it is important to achieve low loading ratios, to avoid aggregation, while maintaining the NP stability in solution. We developed a PEG based approach that allows us to precisely control the NP loading ratio, ranging from a few to several hundred molecules per NP. These particles were then used to synthesize chiral NP dimers with high yields

BREXIT: Europar Batasunaren Etorkizuna Kolokan. Garapen historikoa, negoziaketak eta eszenatoki posibleak.

Gradu amaierako lan honetan, Brexita eta Europar Batasunaren etorkizuna aztertzen dira; garrantzia handiko gertakari historikoa izan da hau, eta Europar Batasunaren etorkizuna ziurgabetasunez josia utzi du. Lanean, batez ere bost hipotesi hauek frogatzen saiatu naiz: 1. Britainiarrek Europarekiko duten mesfidantzak erro historiko zabalak ditu. 2. Gaur egun bizi dugun nazioarteko kontestuak garrantzia izan du Brexitaren aldeko jarrera gainjartzeko orduan. 3. Barne faktoreen eragina berebizikoa izan da. Eskozian, Ipar Irlandan eta Ingalaterran eragin duten faktore hauek desberdinak izan dira. 4. Europar instituzioen jarrera azkenengo testuinguruan indartu eta bateratu egin da, batez ere Frantziako hauteskundeen emaitzen ostean. 5. Aurreko hipotesian aipatutakoak, europar instituzioen indartzeak alegia, negoziaketek hard Brexitaren bidea hartzea eragingo du. Horrela, literatura eta txosten zientifikoen laguntzaz, Brexitaren irudi zabala izango dugu eta Europar Batasunaren etorkizuneko balizko eszenatokiak azalduko ditugu

Denbora errealeko PLC-aren inplementazioa Linux-a duen ARM mikrokontrolagailuaren bidez

Proyecto redactado en euskera pero además incluye un Manual de Usuario en castellano.BeagleBone Black txartela batean CODESYS-ean oinarritutako PLC bat ezarri nahi da. Txartel honek, ARM mikrokontrolagailu bat du Linux txertatuarekin. CODESYS ezarri ondoren, sistema denbora errealean dagoen balioztatzeko probak egin behar dira. Amaitzeko, EtherCAT, PROFINET eta CANopen eremu busak ezarriko dira. Eremu bus hauekin hainbat proba egingo dira urruneko komunikazioekin eta beste PLC batzuekin komunikatuz

Ahalmen espazialaren azterketa bat haur hezkuntzatik unibertsitateraino

En las últimas décadas se ha subrayado la importancia de la capacidad espacialtanto en la "inteligencia general", como en la enseñanza-aprendizaje de las Matemáticas (y en particular de la Geometría). En consecuencia, muchos investigadores han tomado la capacidad espacial como precisa de sus trabajos. Sin embargo, la falta de un modelo teórico firme y un aluvión de conceptos en torno a la capacidad espacial han dificultado la obtención de resultados coherentes ycontrastados.En nuestro trabajo se ha estudiado la capacidad espacial a lo largo de tresperiodos educativos: (1) la Educación Infantil, (2) la Enseñanza Obligatoria y (3) launiversidad (en concreto, con alumnos/as de la Escuela Polit¿cnica). Basándonos en el modelo de Carroll, que dispone de justificación empírica contrastada, se ha conseguido establecer y unificar los modelos teóricos de cada periodo para una correcta medición de la capacidad espacial. También, se han medido los niveles de capacidad espacial delos alumnos en cada curso, se han estudiado las posibles diferencias de la capacidadespacial en relación al género, se ha examinado la evolución de la capacidad espacial alo largo de los tres periodos, se han analizado las estrategias utilizadas por los alumnosde la Escuela Politécnica al resolver tareas espaciales, etc

Functional Safety BMS Design Methodology for Automotive Lithium-Based Batteries

The increasing use of lithium batteries and the necessary integration of battery management systems (BMS) has led international standards to demand functional safety in electromobility applications, with a special focus on electric vehicles. This work covers the complete design of an enhanced automotive BMS with functional safety from the concept phase to verification activities. Firstly, a detailed analysis of the intrinsic hazards of lithium-based batteries is performed. Secondly, a hazard and risk assessment of an automotive lithium-based battery is carried out to address the specific risks deriving from the automotive application and the safety goals to be fulfilled to keep it under control. Safety goals lead to the technical safety requirements for the next hardware design and prototyping of a BMS Slave. Finally, the failure rate of the BMS Slave is assessed to verify the compliance of the developed enhanced BMS Slave with the functional safety Automotive Safety Integrity Level (ASIL) C. This paper contributes the design methodology of a BMS complying with ISO 26262 functional safety standard requirements for automotive lithium-based batteries