Infiltration of atrazine in an Oxisol under no-tillage and conventional tillage

O objetivo deste trabalho foi comparar a lixiviação e o potencial de contaminação de lençóis de água com atrazina, em solos sob manejo de plantio direto (PD) e convencional (PC). Foram realizados experimentos em campo e em colunas com Latossolo Vermelho-Escuro distroférrico, submetido ao manejo PD e PC, em Dourados, MS, Brasil. Os valores de condutividade hidráulica e potencial mátrico, determinados com o permeâmetro de Guelph no PD, demonstram fluxo contínuo de água no solo. A maior condutividade na superfície, associada ao potencial mátrico negativo, demonstrou descontinuidade hidrológica, na comparação das camadas subjacentes, verificada no PC em relação ao PD. No entanto, o PD apresentou deslocamento vertical de atrazina menor que o PC. Os resultados mostraram que as perdas de atrazina por lixiviação ocorreram mais intensamente com as primeiras chuvas, logo após a aplicação do produto. O PD apresentou maior concentração de atrazina em comparação ao PC, tendo reduzido as perdas por lixiviação. Os dados indicam que a tecnologia de plantio direto pode reduzir o impacto ambiental provocado pelos pesticidas.The aim of this work was to compare leaching and potential groundwater contamination in soil under no-tillage and conventional tillage. This experiment was carried out in field conditions and soil columns, using an Oxisol under no-tillage (NT) and conventional tillage (CT) systems in Dourados, MS, Brazil. The determination of the hydraulic conductivity and matrix flux potential, with the use of a Guelph permeameter in the NT, showed a continue flow of water into the soil. Greater conductivity found in the surface soil, associated with the negative matrix flux potential, showed the discontinued hydraulic conductivity, when comparing subsurface layers, in the CT in relation to NT. However, NT resulted in less vertical displacement of atrazine than CT. The largest atrazine losses by leaching occurred more intensely after the first rainfall that followed the product application. Greater atrazine concentrations were retained in NT soil than in CT soil. This resulted in low levels of leaching from the NT soil, which indicates that no-tillage technology can reduce the environmental impact of pesticides

Earthworm coelomocytes as a soil health assessment tool

Different pollutants can disrupt earthworm coelomocytes integrity and functions, and their responses can be applied as biomarkers of sublethal contaminant exposure. In this context, the aim of this study was to develop an in vitro protocol for coelomocyte extraction, maintenance and analysis with regard to soil health status and chemical toxicity profile assessments. The extrusion technique was first tested comparing previously depurated (purged stomach content) and non-depurated and resampled earthworms. After testing, earthworms were exposed to different 2,4D and chloroacetamide concentrations for methodology validation. The values of viability were not affected by food restriction since no statistical difference was observed between non-depurated (sample A) and depurated (sample B) organisms. Regarding to cell density, a significant (p<0;05) reduction of 22% was observed between non-depurated and depurated organisms, indicating that food restriction may affect cell density. However, the non-depurated resampling did not show a significant reduction, indicating that this assessment may not be affect by resampling of the same organism. For both chemical compounds, no change in cell viability was observed at all assessed concentrations and exposure times. However, for cell density, a mainly time-dependent effect was observed for organisms exposed to chloroacetamide, and concentration-dependent effect for organisms exposed to 2,4D. The proportion of immune system cells was altered, mainly after 24 h, with the increasing of granular amoebocytes proportion. The difference in the proportion of granular amoebocytes in earthworms exposed to 2,4D can be explained by the existence of recognition and elimination mechanisms for this chemical substance. Thus, assessments of pollutant responses with in vitro coelomocytes seem to be a powerful tool for ecotoxicological studies

Infiltração de atrazina em latossolo submetido aos sistemas de plantio direto e convencional Infiltration of atrazine in an Oxisol under no-tillage and conventional tillage

O objetivo deste trabalho foi comparar a lixiviação e o potencial de contaminação de lençóis de água com atrazina, em solos sob manejo de plantio direto (PD) e convencional (PC). Foram realizados experimentos em campo e em colunas com Latossolo Vermelho-Escuro distroférrico, submetido ao manejo PD e PC, em Dourados, MS, Brasil. Os valores de condutividade hidráulica e potencial mátrico, determinados com o permeâmetro de Guelph no PD, demonstram fluxo contínuo de água no solo. A maior condutividade na superfície, associada ao potencial mátrico negativo, demonstrou descontinuidade hidrológica, na comparação das camadas subjacentes, verificada no PC em relação ao PD. No entanto, o PD apresentou deslocamento vertical de atrazina menor que o PC. Os resultados mostraram que as perdas de atrazina por lixiviação ocorreram mais intensamente com as primeiras chuvas, logo após a aplicação do produto. O PD apresentou maior concentração de atrazina em comparação ao PC, tendo reduzido as perdas por lixiviação. Os dados indicam que a tecnologia de plantio direto pode reduzir o impacto ambiental provocado pelos pesticidas.The aim of this work was to compare leaching and potential groundwater contamination in soil under no-tillage and conventional tillage. This experiment was carried out in field conditions and soil columns, using an Oxisol under no-tillage (NT) and conventional tillage (CT) systems in Dourados, MS, Brazil. The determination of the hydraulic conductivity and matrix flux potential, with the use of a Guelph permeameter in the NT, showed a continue flow of water into the soil. Greater conductivity found in the surface soil, associated with the negative matrix flux potential, showed the discontinued hydraulic conductivity, when comparing subsurface layers, in the CT in relation to NT. However, NT resulted in less vertical displacement of atrazine than CT. The largest atrazine losses by leaching occurred more intensely after the first rainfall that followed the product application. Greater atrazine concentrations were retained in NT soil than in CT soil. This resulted in low levels of leaching from the NT soil, which indicates that no-tillage technology can reduce the environmental impact of pesticides

Avaliação do transporte de atrazina em solos sob diferentes condições de manejo agrícola Evaluation of atrazine transport in soils under different agricultural managements

A pouca informação sobre o movimento de pesticidas em solos brasileiros com manejo de plantio direto torna o conhecimento desse assunto de grande relevância na avaliação de risco de contaminação do solo e de lençóis de água. Os experimentos simularam chuvas intensas com fluxo contínuo por meio de uma nova técnica para a determinação simultânea das propriedades de advecção, difusão e sorção, representando o transporte de contaminantes ao longo do perfil de solo estudado. Os resultados mostraram que as propriedades físico-químicas não se correlacionam com a permeabilidade do solo e a lixiviação da atrazina. A condutividade 10 vezes maior no plantio direto (PD) e sistema natural (SN) do que no sistema convencional (SC) e solo subsuperficial (SUB) sugere que o processo de advecção ocorre predominantemente através dos macroporos por fluxo preferencial, que são destruídos na aração do SC. Dessa forma, a condição de fluxo contínuo, representando fortes chuvas, faz com que a lixiviação em PD seja maior que em SC, contrariando dados da literatura em experimentos de campo com chuvas intermitentes, os quais mostraram menor lixiviação em PD comparado ao SC. Os riscos de contaminação dos lençóis de água não são determinados apenas pelo manejo do solo, mas também pelas condições pluviométricas intensas nos trópicos, com perspectivas de ainda serem maiores nos cenários de mudanças climáticas.<br>The scarcity of information on pesticide transport in tropical soils under no-tillage is disproportional to the relevance of knowledge in the evaluation of the risk of soil and ground water contamination. The experiments simulated strong rains with continuous water flow using a new method for simultaneous advection, diffusion and sorption measurement, representing pesticide transport along the different studied soil layers. Results showed no correlation between soil permeability and atrazine leaching. The ten times higher permeability in no-tillage (NT) and natural soils (SN) than in the conventional system (CS) and subsurface soil (SUB) indicated that advection occurs predominantly by preferential flow through macropores that are destroyed by tilling in the conventional system. The leaching under continuous flow representing strong rains was higher under NT than in the CS, opposite to reports in literature of field experiments with intermittent rain, stating lower leaching under NT than CS. The contamination risk of ground water is therefore not only determined by the management system but also by the intensive pluviometric conditions in the tropics, tending to increase in the scenario of climate changes