A comparative energy and environmental analysis of a diesel, hybrid, hydrogen and electric urban bus

In this work, a comparative analysis of energy and environmental performances, on four types of urban passenger buses powertrains was carried out within the well-to-wheel scope in Argentina, Chile and Brazil. The powertrains studied were: internal combustion engine fed with diesel, fuel cell hybrid electric vehicle fed with hydrogen, battery electric vehicle fed with electricity and hybrid electric vehicle fed with diesel. The aim of the study is to understand what the influence of the energy pathway, the electricity mix, the driving conditions and different ranges is, in the current and future deployment of urban passenger vehicles. We found that the electric vehicles are markedly superior in the tank to wheel step, nevertheless actions to improve their energy and environmental performance should focus on how to generate clean energy within the electricity mix and with what technologies. For the fuel cell powered buses to be competitive, the production share of hydrogen from wind or other zero emission technologies should be more than 50%. In Argentina and Chile, the buses with internal combustion engines are still an important alternative in the current scenario only for long ranges, instead Brazil turns out to be ideal the application of full electric buses.Fil: Correa Perelmuter, Gabriel. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro de Investigaciones y Transferencia de Catamarca. Universidad Nacional de Catamarca. Centro de Investigaciones y Transferencia de Catamarca; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Muñoz, Pedro Matías. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro de Investigaciones y Transferencia de Catamarca. Universidad Nacional de Catamarca. Centro de Investigaciones y Transferencia de Catamarca; ArgentinaFil: Rodríguez, Carlos Ramiro. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Matemática, Astronomía y Física; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentin

Dimensionamiento y Modelado de un Vehículo Eléctrico Propulsado por Pilas de Combustible: análisis económico y de factibilidad

El presente trabajo aborda el diseño, el dimensionamiento y la simulación de un auto eléctrico propulsado por pilas de combustible a hidrógeno y baterías de ion-litio. Para ello se seleccionaron recorridos representativos del tránsito vehicular dentro de la ciudad de Córdoba y se recolectaron los datos a través de un GPS (velocidad, tiempo y altitud) para confeccionar ciclos de manejo y sus respectivos perfiles de elevación. El modelado matemático y simulación de los sistemas integrados se realizó en entorno MatLab/Simulink, tomando en cuenta las ecuaciones que gobiernan los distintos fenómenos físicos. Además se realizó la simulación de los sistemas según los ciclos de manejo y se obtuvo el comportamiento dinámico de los mismos. Finalmente se estudiaron los resultados obtenidos de la simulación, se elaboraron comparaciones entre éste sistema y el convencional de combustión interna y se calculó el hidrógeno necesario para el parque automotor de la ciudad de Córdoba.This paper addresses the design, sizing and simulation of an electric car powered by fuel cells and li-ion batteries. This was achieved by selecting representative traffic routes within the city of Córdoba and gathering the data with a GPS (speed, time and altitude) to make the driving cycles, with their respective elevation profiles. The mathematical modeling and numerical simulation of the systems was carried out in MATLAB/Simulink environment, taking into account the governing equations involved in the different physical phenomena. The Dynamic responses of the systems were obtained running the Simulik model using the different driving cycles as inputs. Finally, the simulations results were analyzed, the internal combustion vehicle was compared with the proposed system analyzing benefits and drawbacks, and the amount of hydrogen necessary for the fleet of the city of Cordoba was calculated.Fil: Correa Perelmuter, Gabriel. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Mathe, Ladislao. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Moschen, Emanuel. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales; ArgentinaFil: Muñoz, Pedro Matías. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentin

Modelado de un Vehículo Eléctrico de Pilas de Combustible. Dimensionamiento, Análisis Económico y de Factibilidad

This paper addresses the design, sizing and simulation of an electric car powered by fuel cells and li-ion batteries. This was achieved by selecting representative traffic routes within the city of Córdoba and gathering the data with a GPS (speed, time and altitude) to make the driving cycles, with their respective elevation profiles. The mathematical modeling and numerical simulation of the systems was carried out in MATLAB/Simulink environment, taking into account the governing equations involved in the different physical phenomena. The Dynamic responses of the systems running the Simulink model using the different driving cycles as inputs were obtained. Finally, the simulations results were analyzed, the internal combustion vehicle with the proposed system analyzing benefits and drawbacks was compared, and the amount of hydrogen necessary for the fleet of the city of Cordoba was calculatedEl presente trabajo aborda el diseño, el dimensionamiento y la simulación de un auto eléctrico propulsado por pilas de combustible a hidrógeno y baterías de ion-litio. Para ello se seleccionaron recorridos representativos del tránsito vehicular dentro de la ciudad de Córdoba y se recolectaron los datos a través de un GPS (velocidad, tiempo y altitud) para confeccionar ciclos de manejo y sus respectivos perfiles de elevación. El modelado matemático y simulación de los sistemas integrados se realizó en entorno MatLab/Simulink tomando en cuenta las ecuaciones que gobiernan los distintos fenómenos físicos. Además se realizó la simulación de los sistemas según los ciclos de manejo y se obtuvo el comportamiento dinámico de los mismos. Finalmente se estudiaron los resultados obtenidos de la simulación, se elaboraron comparaciones entre este sistema y el convencional de combustión interna y se calculó el hidrógeno necesario para el parque automotor de la ciudad de Córdob

Sensitivity analysis of stack power uncertainty in a PEMFC-based powertrain for aircraft application

Experimental data concerning the reliability of fuel cell systems (FCS) in aviation are still unavailable to technical community, while assessing reliability of a component or a whole system represents a fundamental aspect that allows a new technology to be introduced in a high safety system such as an aircraft. The main aim of this paper is to show a method to estimate the reliability of an aircraft power system based on a hydrogen fuel cell, mainly for design purposes. The method is based on a high-order adaptive response surface technique, coupled with a dynamic model of the aircraft power system, and it is applied to the failure event represented by an incorrect power supply due to the failure of sensors of the control system of the powertrain. The most important advantage of the proposed method is the low computational effort it requires. The result is a ranking of the most critical sensors to be considered in the design phase of the power system and demonstrate that accurate temperature sensors and sensor calibration are of dramatic importance for the control of the stack power, in case of powertrain based on PEM fuel cell systems.Fil: Correa Perelmuter, Gabriel. Universidad Nacional de Catamarca. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro de Investigaciones y Transferencia de Catamarca. Universidad Nacional de Catamarca. Centro de Investigaciones y Transferencia de Catamarca; ArgentinaFil: Borello, Fabio. Politecnico di Torino; ItaliaFil: Santarelli, Massimo. Politecnico di Torino; Itali

Parameter optimization of an electrochemical and thermal model for a lithium-ion commercial battery

In this work, a LiFePO4/C commercial cylindrical battery cell is modeled with a P2D model coupled with a 2D axisymmetric heat transfer model to adequately represent the electrochemical and thermal responses of a battery. Charge and discharge tests at different C-rates with a controlled environment temperature are used to validate the parameters selected for the model. Some relevant parameters were obtained from literature and by opening the battery and testing the electrodes with charge and discharge protocols and SEM images. The parameters for which no direct measurement can be done and have no consensus in literature, were obtained through an optimization process using the BOBYQA optimization algorithm, which allows a substantial reduction in calculation time compared to other methods. Model simulations and experimental battery measures show good agreement with maximum RMSE of 62 mV and 0.68 ∘C, and mean relative errors of 1.76% and 2.36% for the voltage and temperature profiles in different discharge cycles.Fil: Muñoz, Pedro Matías. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro de Investigaciones y Transferencia de Catamarca. Universidad Nacional de Catamarca. Centro de Investigaciones y Transferencia de Catamarca; ArgentinaFil: Humana, Rita Mariangeles. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro de Investigaciones y Transferencia de Catamarca. Universidad Nacional de Catamarca. Centro de Investigaciones y Transferencia de Catamarca; ArgentinaFil: Falaguerra, Tomas. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro de Investigaciones y Transferencia de Catamarca. Universidad Nacional de Catamarca. Centro de Investigaciones y Transferencia de Catamarca; ArgentinaFil: Correa Perelmuter, Gabriel. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro de Investigaciones y Transferencia de Catamarca. Universidad Nacional de Catamarca. Centro de Investigaciones y Transferencia de Catamarca; Argentin

Energy management control design for fuel cell hybrid electric vehicles using neural networks

The design and optimization of hybrid electric vehicle powertrains can take a great benefit from mathematical models which include auxiliary management and control strategies of the energy fluxes: the use of virtual platforms reduces the expensive and time-consuming experimental activity. In this work the authors developed an online Energy Management System (EMS) controller for a FCHEV, designed to employ the same energy management over a wide range of driving style types. The controller was designed by using neural networks (NN), which were trained with the optimal power flux distribution between a fuel cell system and a battery system that minimizes the overall equivalent energy consumption. The optimal solution was obtained by carrying out a gradient-based method minimization over eight different driving cycles, and using a dynamic lumped parameter mathematical model of a FCHEV fed by hydrogen and Li-ion batteries. A quantitative and qualitative analysis was made showing the networks performances over different type of cycles. Through this analysis, a suitable classification into two cycle categories is provided, covering most of the possible driving styles with two of the developed controllers.Fil: Muñoz, Pedro Matías. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Instituto de Investigaciones en Físico-química de Córdoba. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Químicas. Instituto de Investigaciones en Físico-química de Córdoba; ArgentinaFil: Correa Perelmuter, Gabriel. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro de Investigaciones y Transferencia de Catamarca. Universidad Nacional de Catamarca. Centro de Investigaciones y Transferencia de Catamarca; ArgentinaFil: Gaudiano, Marcos Enrique. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Centro de Investigación y Estudios de Matemática. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Centro de Investigación y Estudios de Matemática; ArgentinaFil: Fernández, Damián. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Centro de Investigación y Estudios de Matemática. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Centro de Investigación y Estudios de Matemática; Argentin

Performance comparison of conventional, hybrid, hydrogen and electric urban buses using well to wheel analysis

This work presents a new method to compare energy and environmental performances of five types of urban passenger buses powertrains using a multiphysic index on the basis of a well to wheel analysis. The well to tank step was made for present and future (year 2030) scenarios using different assumptions for the years to come and obtaining various energy and environmental parameters. Additionally, the tank to wheel analysis was performed using dynamic models of vehicles, two different driving cycles and four ranges. Later both stages were integrated in a well to wheel stage where relevant indexes were proposed and discussed. In order to properly asses the different hypotheses for systems, range, cycles and scenarios; a multiphysics indicator (Integrated Sustainability Index), valued between zero and one was used. The best results were achieved by hybrid electric vehicles for short and medium terms. In the long term battery electric vehicles are convenient only for short driving range, while the fuel cell buses yield good performances for more extended driving ranges. For the cleaner powertrains to be competitive, hydrogen production must be fed with clean and renewable energies and the renewable energy share in the electric energy matrix should be considerably high.Fil: Correa Perelmuter, Gabriel. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro de Investigaciones y Transferencia de Catamarca. Universidad Nacional de Catamarca. Centro de Investigaciones y Transferencia de Catamarca; ArgentinaFil: Muñoz, Pedro Matías. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Instituto de Investigaciones en Físico-química de Córdoba. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Químicas. Instituto de Investigaciones en Físico-química de Córdoba; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales; ArgentinaFil: Falaguerra, Tomas. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro de Investigaciones y Transferencia de Catamarca. Universidad Nacional de Catamarca. Centro de Investigaciones y Transferencia de Catamarca; ArgentinaFil: Rodriguez, C. R.. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales; Argentin

Evaluation of levelized cost of hydrogen produced by wind electrolysis: Argentine and Italian production scenarios

6nonenoneCorrea, G.; Volpe, F.; Marocco, P.; Muñoz, P.; Falagüerra, T.; Santarelli, M.Correa, G.; Volpe, F.; Marocco, P.; Muñoz, P.; Falagüerra, T.; Santarelli, M

Pressurized PEM water electrolysis: dynamic modelling focusing on the cathode side

This paper describes a lumped dynamic model for a high pressure PEM water electrolyzer. Since the electrolyzer under analysis is characterized by unbalanced pressure configuration with high cathodic working pressure, the model focuses on the cathode side to adequately predict the electrolyzer performance, analyzing and highlighting the importance of the cathodic activation overpotential term. The model is calibrated using experimental data from a 5.6 kW PEM water electrolyzer stack. A very good fit can be observed between the model and the experimental data, not only at different temperatures, but also at different pressures. It is found that the rise of temperature affects mainly the ohmic overpotential, while increasing the cathode pressure leads to an increment in the cathode activation overpotential that is not negligible for the electrolyzer performance. By rising the operating current, the cathode activation overpotential becomes 63% of that of the anode (at 70 bar, 1.2 A/cm2 and 50 °C).Fil: Correa Perelmuter, Gabriel. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro de Investigaciones y Transferencia de Catamarca. Universidad Nacional de Catamarca. Centro de Investigaciones y Transferencia de Catamarca; ArgentinaFil: Marocco, Paolo. Politecnico di Torino; ItaliaFil: Muñoz, Pedro Matías. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro de Investigaciones y Transferencia de Catamarca. Universidad Nacional de Catamarca. Centro de Investigaciones y Transferencia de Catamarca; ArgentinaFil: Falaguerra, Tomas. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro de Investigaciones y Transferencia de Catamarca. Universidad Nacional de Catamarca. Centro de Investigaciones y Transferencia de Catamarca; ArgentinaFil: Ferrero, Domenico. Politecnico di Torino; ItaliaFil: Santarelli, Massimo. Politecnico di Torino; Itali

In operando activation of alkaline electrolyzer by ruthenium spontaneous deposition

Conventional alkaline electrolyzers used for water splitting can considerably increase their efficiency upon modification of the surface of the electrode. Here we present in operando evidence of activation of a conventional alkaline electrolyzer using nickel electrodes modified by spontaneous deposition of ruthenium (1 × 10−5 M in 30% w/v KOH electrolyte). Surface modifications were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction. Conventional electrochemical techniques were used to establish the kinetic and thermodynamic parameters of hydrogen generation before and after the spontaneous deposition of Ru. Changes on the nickel electrodes by direct modification of the electrolyte allowed to reduce the potential at minimum current from 1.64 to 1.00 V under the same operating conditions. That is, a considerable increase in the electrolysis efficiency was attained by reducing the activation overvoltage. Thus, using a simple, inexpensive, and reproducible method, it is possible to increase the efficiency of conventional electrolyzers.Fil: Luna, Nadia S.. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro de Investigaciones y Transferencia de Catamarca. Universidad Nacional de Catamarca. Centro de Investigaciones y Transferencia de Catamarca; ArgentinaFil: Correa Perelmuter, Gabriel. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro de Investigaciones y Transferencia de Catamarca. Universidad Nacional de Catamarca. Centro de Investigaciones y Transferencia de Catamarca; ArgentinaFil: Lacconi, Gabriela Ines. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Instituto de Investigaciones en Físico-química de Córdoba. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Químicas. Instituto de Investigaciones en Físico-química de Córdoba; ArgentinaFil: Díaz, Liliana Alicia. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Industrial; ArgentinaFil: Franceschini, Esteban Andrés. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Instituto de Investigaciones en Físico-química de Córdoba. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Químicas. Instituto de Investigaciones en Físico-química de Córdoba; Argentin