5,768 research outputs found
Clarice Marion Shaw (1883-1946) social reformer and politician
Biography of Clarice Marion Shaw, social reformer and politician
Agnes Hardie (daughter of Keir Hardie) (1885-1947), socialist and political activist
Biography of Agnes Hardie, daughter of Keir Hardie and a socialist campaigner in the twentieth century
Helen Crawfurd (1877-1954), suffragette and communist
Biography of Helen Crawfurd, the Scottish suffragette and social activist
Agnes Dollan (1887-1966), suffragette and socialist
Biography of Agnes Dollan, suffragette and socialist
Flora Stevenson (1839-1905), philanthropist and educationist
Biography of Flora Stevenson, 19th century philanthropist and educationist
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Risk as reward: Reinforcement sensitivity theory and psychopathic personality perspectives on everyday risk-taking
This study updates and synthesises research on the extent to which impulsive and antisocial disposition predicts everyday pro- and antisocial risk-taking behaviour. We use the Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory (RST) of personality to measure approach, avoidance, and inhibition dispositions, as well as measures of Callous-Unemotional and psychopathic personalities. In an international sample of 454 respondents, results showed that RST, psychopathic personality, and callous-unemotional measures accounted for different aspects of risk-taking behaviour. Specifically, traits associated with âfearlessnessâ related more to âprosocialâ (recreational and social) risk-taking, whilst traits associated with âimpulsivityâ related more to âantisocialâ (ethical and health) risk-taking. Further, we demonstrate that psychopathic personality may be demonstrated by combining the RST and callous-unemotional traits (high impulsivity, callousness, and low fear). Overall this study showed how impulsive, fearless and antisocial traits can be used in combination to identify pro- and anti-social risk-taking behaviours; suggestions for future research are indicated
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Behavioural inhibition and valuation of gain/loss are neurally distinct from approach/withdrawal
Gain or omission/termination of loss produces approach; while loss or omission/termination of gain produces withdrawal. Control of approach/withdrawal motivation is distinct from valuation of gain/loss and does not entail learning â making ârewardâ and âpunishmentâ ambiguous. Approach-withdrawal goal conflict engages a neurally distinct Behavioural Inhibition System, which controls âanxietyâ (conflict/passive avoidance) but not âfearâ (withdrawal/active avoidance)
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Survival circuits and risk assessment
Risk assessment (RA) behaviour is unusual in the context of survival circuits. An external object elicits eating, mating or fleeing; but conflict between internal approach and withdrawal tendencies elicits RA-specific behaviour that scans the environment for new information to bring closure. Recently rodent and human threat responses have been compared using âpredatorsâ that can be real (e.g. a tarantula), robot, virtual, or symbolic (with the last three rendered predatory by the use of shock). âQuick and dirtyâ survival circuits in the periaqueductal grey, hypothalamus, and amygdala control external RA behaviour. These subcortical circuits activate, and are partially inhibited by, higher-order internal RA processes (anxiety, memory scanning, evaluation and sometimes â maladaptive rumination) in the ventral hippocampus and medial prefrontal cortex
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Coronavirus (COVID-19) in the United Kingdom: A personality-based perspective on concerns and intention to self-isolate
Objectives
Public behaviour change is necessary to contain the spread of coronavirus (COVIDâ19). Based on the reinforcement sensitivity theory (RST) framework, this study presents an examination of individual differences in some relevant psychological factors.
Design
Crossâsectional psychometric.
Methods
UK respondents (N = 202) completed a personality questionnaire (RSTâPQ), measures of illness attitudes, concerns about the impact of coronavirus on health services and socioâeconomic infrastructures, personal safety, and likelihood of voluntary selfâisolation.
Results
Respondents most concerned were older, had negative illness attitudes, and scored higher on reward reactivity (RR), indicating the motivation to take positive approach action despite prevailing worry/anxiety. Personal safety concerns were highest in those with negative illness attitudes and higher fightâflightâfreeze system (FFFS, reflecting fear/avoidance) scores. Results suggest people are experiencing psychological conflict: between the urge to stay safe (FFFFârelated) and the desire to maintain a normal, pleasurable (RRârelated) life. Ways of ameliorating conflict may include maladaptive behaviours (panic buying), reflecting rewardârelated displacement activity. Intended selfâisolation related to FFFS, but also low behavioural inhibition system (related to anxiety) scores. Older people reported themselves less likely to selfâisolate.
Conclusions
Interventions need to consider individual differences in psychological factors in behaviour change, and we discuss relevant literature to inform policy makers and communicators
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