1,135 research outputs found
Center Vortices, Nexuses, and Fractional Topological Charge
It has been remarked in several previous works that the combination of center
vortices and nexuses (a nexus is a monopole-like soliton whose world line
mediates certain allowed changes of field strengths on vortex surfaces) carry
topological charge quantized in units of 1/N for gauge group SU(N). These
fractional charges arise from the interpretation of the standard topological
charge integral as a sum of (integral) intersection numbers weighted by certain
(fractional) traces. We show that without nexuses the sum of intersection
numbers gives vanishing topological charge (since vortex surfaces are closed
and compact). With nexuses living as world lines on vortices, the contributions
to the total intersection number are weighted by different trace factors, and
yield a picture of the total topological charge as a linking of a closed nexus
world line with a vortex surface; this linking gives rise to a non-vanishing
but integral topological charge. This reflects the standard 2\pi periodicity of
the theta angle. We argue that the Witten-Veneziano relation, naively violating
2\pi periodicity, scales properly with N at large N without requiring 2\pi N
periodicity. This reflects the underlying composition of localized fractional
topological charge, which are in general widely separated. Some simple models
are given of this behavior. Nexuses lead to non-standard vortex surfaces for
all SU(N) and to surfaces which are not manifolds for N>2. We generalize
previously-introduced nexuses to all SU(N) in terms of a set of fundamental
nexuses, which can be distorted into a configuration resembling the 't
Hooft-Polyakov monopole with no strings. The existence of localized but
widely-separated fractional topological charges, adding to integers only on
long distance scales, has implications for chiral symmetry breakdown.Comment: 15 pages, revtex, 6 .eps figure
A conjecture on the infrared structure of the vacuum Schrodinger wave functional of QCD
The Schrodinger wave functional for the d=3+1 SU(N) vacuum is a partition
function constructed in d=4; the exponent 2S in the square of the wave
functional plays the role of a d=3 Euclidean action. We start from a
gauge-invariant conjecture for the infrared-dominant part of S, based on
dynamical generation of a gluon mass M in d=4. We argue that the exact leading
term, of O(M), in an expansion of S in inverse powers of M is a d=3
gauge-invariant mass term (gauged non-linear sigma model); the next leading
term, of O(1/M), is a conventional Yang-Mills action. The d=3 action that is
the sum of these two terms has center vortices as classical solutions. The d=3
gluon mass, which we constrain to be the same as M, and d=3 coupling are
related through the conjecture to the d=4 coupling strength, but at the same
time the dimensionless ratio in d=3 of mass to coupling squared can be
estimated from d=3 dynamics. This allows us to estimate the QCD coupling
in terms of this strictly d=3 ratio; we find a value of about
0.4, in good agreement with an earlier theoretical value but a little low
compared to QCD phenomenology. The wave functional for d=2+1 QCD has an
exponent that is a d=2 infrared-effective action having both the
gauge-invariant mass term and the field strength squared term, and so differs
from the conventional QCD action in two dimensions, which has no mass term.
This conventional d=2 QCD would lead in d=3 to confinement of all color-group
representations. But with the mass term (again leading to center vortices),
N-ality = 0 mod N representations are not confined.Comment: 15 pages, no figures, revtex
Computing the Effective Hamiltonian of Low-Energy Vacuum Gauge Fields
A standard approach to investigate the non-perturbative QCD dynamics is
through vacuum models which emphasize the role played by specific gauge field
fluctuations, such as instantons, monopoles or vortexes. The effective
Hamiltonian describing the dynamics of the low-energy degrees of freedom in
such approaches is usually postulated phenomenologically, or obtained through
uncontrolled approximations. In a recent paper, we have shown how lattice field
theory simulations can be used to rigorously compute the effective Hamiltonian
of arbitrary vacuum models by stochastically performing the path integral over
all the vacuum field fluctuations which are not explicitly taken into account.
In this work, we present the first illustrative application of such an approach
to a gauge theory and we use it to compute the instanton size distribution in
SU(2) gluon-dynamics in a fully model independent and parameter-free way.Comment: 10 pages, 4 figure
The heavy quark decomposition of the S-matrix and its relation to the pinch technique
We propose a decomposition of the S-matrix into individually gauge invariant
sub-amplitudes, which are kinematically akin to propagators, vertices, boxes,
etc. This decompsition is obtained by considering limits of the S-matrix when
some or all of the external particles have masses larger than any other
physical scale. We show at the one-loop level that the effective gluon
self-energy so defined is physically equivalent to the corresponding gauge
independent self-energy obtained in the framework of the pinch technique. The
generalization of this procedure to arbitrary gluonic -point functions is
briefly discussed.Comment: 11 uuencoded pages, NYU-TH-94/10/0
On a class of embeddings of massive Yang-Mills theory
A power-counting renormalizable model into which massive Yang-Mills theory is
embedded is analyzed. The model is invariant under a nilpotent BRST
differential s. The physical observables of the embedding theory, defined by
the cohomology classes of s in the Faddeev-Popov neutral sector, are given by
local gauge-invariant quantities constructed only from the field strength and
its covariant derivatives.Comment: LATEX, 34 pages. One reference added. Version published in the
journa
Speculations on Primordial Magnetic Helicity
We speculate that above or just below the electroweak phase transition
magnetic fields are generated which have a net helicity (otherwise said, a
Chern-Simons term) of order of magnitude , where is the
baryon or lepton number today. (To be more precise requires much more knowledge
of B,L-generating mechanisms than we currently have.) Electromagnetic helicity
generation is associated (indirectly) with the generation of electroweak
Chern-Simons number through B+L anomalies. This helicity, which in the early
universe is some 30 orders of magnitude greater than what would be expected
from fluctuations alone in the absence of B+L violation, should be reasonably
well-conserved through the evolution of the universe to around the times of
matter dominance and decoupling, because the early universe is an excellent
conductor. Possible consequences include early structure formation; macroscopic
manifestations of CP violation in the cosmic magnetic field (measurable at
least in principle, if not in practice); and an inverse-cascade dynamo
mechanism in which magnetic fields and helicity are unstable to transfer to
larger and larger spatial scales. We give a quasi-linear treatment of the
general-relativistic MHD inverse cascade instability, finding substantial
growth for helicity of the assumed magnitude out to scales , where is roughly the B+L to photon ratio and
is the magnetic correlation length. We also elaborate further on an
earlier proposal of the author for generation of magnetic fields above the EW
phase transition.Comment: Latex, 23 page
Baryon number non-conservation and phase transitions at preheating
Certain inflation models undergo pre-heating, in which inflaton oscillations
can drive parametric resonance instabilities. We discuss several phenomena
stemming from such instabilities, especially in weak-scale models; generically,
these involve energizing a resonant system so that it can evade tunneling by
crossing barriers classically. One possibility is a spontaneous change of phase
from a lower-energy vacuum state to one of higher energy, as exemplified by an
asymmetric double-well potential with different masses in each well. If the
lower well is in resonance with oscillations of the potential, a system can be
driven resonantly to the upper well and stay there (except for tunneling) if
the upper well is not resonant. Another example occurs in hybrid inflation
models where the Higgs field is resonant; the Higgs oscillations can be
transferred to electroweak (EW) gauge potentials, leading to rapid transitions
over sphaleron barriers and consequent B+L violation. Given an appropriate
CP-violating seed, we find that preheating can drive a time-varying condensate
of Chern-Simons number over large spatial scales; this condensate evolves by
oscillation as well as decay into modes with shorter spatial gradients,
eventually ending up as a condensate of sphalerons. We study these examples
numerically and to some extent analytically. The emphasis in the present paper
is on the generic mechanisms, and not on specific preheating models; these will
be discussed in a later paper.Comment: 10 pages, 7 figures included, revtex, epsf, references adde
CSU FIRE 2 cirrus field experiment: Description of field deployment phase
The Colorado State University (CSU) surface observing systems are described. These systems were deployed at the Parsons, Kansas site during the FIRE 2 Cirrus Special Observing Period (SOP) from 13 Nov. - 7 Dec. 1991. The geographical coordinates of the site containing most of the CSU instrumentation are 37 deg. 18 min N. latitude and 96 deg. 30 min. W. longitude; site elevation was 269 meters. In addition, one surface meteorological and broadband flux observing site was maintained at the Tri City Airport which is approximately 18 miles due west of Parsons (37 deg. 20 min. N. latitude, 95 deg. 30 min. 30 sec. W. longitude). A map of the locations of the CSU deployment sites is presented. At the main Parsons site, the instrumentation was located directly adjacent to and north of a lake. Under most cirrus observing conditions, when the wing had a significant southernly component, the lake was upwind of the observing site. The measurements and observations collected during the experiment are listed. These measurements may be grouped into five categories: surface meteorology; infrared spectral and broadband measurements; solar spectral and broadband measurements; upper air measurements; and cloud measurements. A summary of observations collected at the Parsons site during the SOP are presented. The wind profiler, laser ceilometer, surface meteorology and surface broadband radiation instrumentation were operated on a continuous basis. All other systems were operated on an 'on demand' basis when cloud conditions merited the collection of data
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