Научные подходы к диагностике социо-эколого-экономической устойчивости приморских регионов

На основе научных подходов предложена методика, позволяющая опреде-лить уровень социо-эколого-экономической устойчивости приморских ре-гионов. На основе использования системы показателей, характеризующих уровень социо-эколого-экономической устойчивости региона, сформули-рованы и предложены основные направления реализации методики опре-деления интегрального показателя уровня устойчивости приморской территории в социальном, экономическом и экологическом развитии.Based on the scientific approaches proposed technique allows to deter-mine the level of social, ecological and economic sustainability of coastal re-gions. On the basis of a system of indicators characterizing the level of social, ecological and economic sustainability of the region, formulate and propose guidelines implementation methodology for determining the integral indicator of the sustainability of the coastal territory in the social, economic and envi-ronmental development

Петрологічні дослідження в Україні: досягнення останніх десятиліть та нагальні проблеми

Викладено основні досягнення за останні 30–35 років українських геологів, в першу чергу — наукових працівників ІГМР ім. М. П. Семененка НАН України в області петрології. Висвітлені такі проблеми: 1 — метаморфізм, співвідношення грануліто-гнейсових і граніт-зеленокам’яних терейнів; 2 — чарнокіти; 3 — гранітоутворення та гранітоїдні формації; 4 — анортозит-рапаківігранітна формація; 5 — лужні породи; 6 — коматиїти; 7 — санукітоїди; 8 — метасоматоз; 9 — породоутворювальні та акцесорні мінерали; 10 — формаційний аналіз, петрологія та стратиграфія докембрію; 11 — фанерозойський магматизм; 12 — магматизм морського та океанічного дна; 13 — деякі нагальні проблеми.Изложены основные достижения за последние 30–35 лет украинских геологов, в первую очередь — научных сотрудников ИГМР им. Н. П. Семененко НАН Украины в области петрологии. Освещены такие проблемы: 1 — метаморфизм, соотношение гранулито-гнейсовых и гранит-зеленокаменных террейнов; 2 — чарнокиты; 3 — гранитообразование и гранитоидные формации; 4 — анортозит-рапакивигранитная формация; 5 — щелочные породы; 6 — коматииты; 7 — санукитоиды; 8 — метасоматоз; 9 — породообразующие и акцессорные минералы; 10 — формационный анализ, петрология и стратиграфия докембрия; 11 — фанерозойский магматизм; 12 — магматизм морского и океанического дна; 13 — некоторые насущные проблемы.Main achievements of Ukrainian geologists for the recent 30–35 years have been stated. In the first place the scientific results of petrologists of M. P. Semenenko Institute of Geochemistry, Mineralogy and Ore Formation of NAS of Ukraine. The following problems have been elucidated: 1 — metamorphism; interrelation of granulite-gneissic and granite-greenstone terrains; 2 — charnokites; 3 — granite formation and granitoid formations; 4 — anorthosite-rapakivi-granite formation; 5 — alkaline rocks; 6 — komatiites; 7 — sanukitoids; 8 — metasomatosis; 9 — rock-forming and accessory minerals; 10 — formation analysis, petrology and Precambrian stratigraphy; 11 — Phanerozoic magmatism; 12 — magmatism of the sea and ocean bottom; 13 — some current problems

Do DOM optical parameters improve the prediction of copper availability in vineyard soils?

International audienceAccumulation of copper (Cu) in soils due to the application of fungicides may be toxic for organisms and hence affect winegrowing sustainability. Soil parameters such as pH and dissolved organic matter (DOM) are known to affect the availability of Cu. In this study, we investigated the contribution of chromophoric and fluorescent DOM properties to the prediction of Cu availability in 18 organic vineyard soils in the Bordeaux winegrowing area (France). The DOM parameters, assessed through absorbance and fluorescence analyses, and proxies for Cu availability (total soluble Cu and free ionic Cu2+) were measured in 0.01 M KCl extracts. Total soluble Cu (CuKCl) varied 23-fold while free ionic Cu2+ varied by a factor of 4600 among the soils. DOC concentrations were similar among the soils, but the samples differed in the quality of DOM as assessed by optical spectroscopy. Multilinear regression models with and without DOM quality parameters were investigated to predict Cu availability. The best model for CuKCl successfully explained 83% of variance and included pH, CuT, and two DOM fluorescence quality indices, the FI fluorescence index, which distinguishes between microbial and higher plant origins, and the HIX humification index. For the prediction of Cu2+, pH alone explained 88% of variance and adding DOM parameters did not improve modelling. The two Cu availability proxies were related to pH. This study confirms the prominent role of pH in Cu availability and underlines the importance of DOM quality to better predict Cu solubilit

Changes over time in organic matter dynamics and copper solubility in a vineyard soil after incorporation of cover crop residues: Insights from a batch experiment

Cover crops (CCs) are increasingly used in viticulture because they benefit the soil and the environment in many ways. This study investigated the extent to which the incorporation of CC residues altered organic matter (OM) and Cu dynamics in a Cu-contaminated vineyard topsoil. A 92-day incubation period was used to monitor changes over time in carbon mineralization, carbon hydrolytic enzyme activity, concentration and optical properties of dissolved organic matter (DOM), and Cu solubility after the addition (or not) of two CC residues, oat or faba bean. The results revealed that adding CCs transitorily increased the concentration of DOM in soil solution, as well as the activity of C hydrolytic enzymes and C mineralization rates. DOM content was approximately two orders of magnitude higher in CC-amended soils than in the control soil on day 0, after which it gradually decreased to reach concentrations similar to those measured in the control soil on day 92. Analyses of DOM optical properties showed that its molecular weight and degree of humification increased over time with a decrease in its concentration. The close relationship between DOM and Cu concentrations in the soil solution suggests that degradation of CCs releases soluble forms of C capable of complexing and solubilizing Cu, and hence that incorporating CC residues can transitorily increase the solubility of Cu in vineyard topsoils. Despite their different C:N ratios, oat and faba bean had almost the same effect on Cu dynamics, implying that C inputs played a prominent role in explaining the interactions between OM and Cu within the timeframe of our experiment. In conclusion, this study enabled recommendations on how to mitigate the risk of Cu ecotoxicity associated with incorporating CCs in Cu-contaminated vineyard soils

Staphylococcus aureus infective endocarditis versus bacteremia strains: Subtle genetic differences at stake

AbstractInfective endocarditis (IE)(1) is a severe condition complicating 10–25% of Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia. Although host-related IE risk factors have been identified, the involvement of bacterial features in IE complication is still unclear. We characterized strictly defined IE and bacteremia isolates and searched for discriminant features. S. aureus isolates causing community-acquired, definite native-valve IE (n=72) and bacteremia (n=54) were collected prospectively as part of a French multicenter cohort. Phenotypic traits previously reported or hypothesized to be involved in staphylococcal IE pathogenesis were tested. In parallel, the genotypic profiles of all isolates, obtained by microarray, were analyzed by discriminant analysis of principal components (DAPC)(2). No significant difference was observed between IE and bacteremia strains, regarding either phenotypic or genotypic univariate analyses. However, the multivariate statistical tool DAPC, applied on microarray data, segregated IE and bacteremia isolates: IE isolates were correctly reassigned as such in 80.6% of the cases (C-statistic 0.83, P<0.001). The performance of this model was confirmed with an independent French collection IE and bacteremia isolates (78.8% reassignment, C-statistic 0.65, P<0.01). Finally, a simple linear discriminant function based on a subset of 8 genetic markers retained valuable performance both in study collection (86.1%, P<0.001) and in the independent validation collection (81.8%, P<0.01). We here show that community-acquired IE and bacteremia S. aureus isolates are genetically distinct based on subtle combinations of genetic markers. This finding provides the proof of concept that bacterial characteristics may contribute to the occurrence of IE in patients with S. aureus bacteremia

Evolution temporelle de la concentration de Cd²+ en solution de sol au cours d'une culture végétale: impact sur l'exposition racinaire

Diplôme : Dr. d'Universit

Enjeux sanitaires et environnementaux liés à la contamination des sols agricoles par les métaux traces

Certains sols agricoles sont contaminés par des métaux traces (MTs) en raison de la nature de la roche mère sur laquelle ils se sont développés ou d’apports anthropiques de MTs issus de certaines pratiques agricoles voire d’activités industrielles à proximité. Bien que le plus souvent modérée, cette contamination pose un problème sanitaire liée à l’accumulation parfois excessive de certains MTs dans les denrées agricoles, et environnemental liée à l’écotoxicité suspectées de certains MTs dans des contextes agricoles particuliers. Ce document retrace mes travaux menés sur cette problématique depuis 20 ans en s’appuyant sur l’exemple du cadmium (Cd) dont la teneur dans les grains de blé dur excède parfois la limite règlementaire fixée par l’Union Européenne (EC1323/2021), et celui du cuivre (Cu) dont l’accumulation dans certains sols de vigne peut s’avérer toxique pour des organismes du sol. Ce document aborde dans un premier temps la question du déterminisme de la phytodisponibilité des MTs dans le sol en reprenant, notamment, mes travaux menés sur le rôle de la matière organique dissoute (MOD) complexante dans la solubilisation et la phytodisponibilité des MTs. Dans un deuxième temps, il retrace mes travaux menés sur la mobilité des MTs in planta, notamment ceux décrivant l’écophysiologie de l’allocation de Cd aux grains chez le blé dur. Dans un troisième temps, il aborde la question de la phytotoxicité des MTs en contexte agricole en s’appuyant sur mes travaux menés sur la réponse du tournesol à de « faibles » doses de Cd ainsi que ceux menés sur la réponse des engrais verts à de « faibles » doses de Cu. Enfin, ce document revient sur les solutions de gestion de la contamination des sols agricoles par les MTs sur lesquelles je me suis penché, notamment la phytoextraction de Cu en contexte viticole

L'exercice de la responsabilité à travers la contractualisation : l'exemple des cofinancements entre collectivités publiques

En France, les cofinancements sont un élément incontournable des relations financières entre collectivités publiques. Ce système de partage des financements pose le problème du partage de la responsabilité entre les partenaires du cofinancement de deux manières différentes : décider concrètement du projet à retenir parmi un panel d'alternatives possibles et décider de qui va décider concrètement du projet. Nous étudions ce problème de partage de responsabilité comme un problème d'affectation de " l'autorité " d'une collectivité par rapport à une autre, c'est-à-dire la possibilité pour un des partenaires de prendre des décisions qui engagent toutes les parties. L'autorité peut être réelle (et rejoint alors la question du " qui décide ") ou elle peut être formelle (et rejoint alors la question du " droit de décider de qui décide "). La question de la subsidiahté, dans ce problème de répartition de la responsabilité, est traitée au travers de deux cas d'étude : la relation Etat / Région (et l'affectation de la maîtrise d'ouvrage) dans les cofinancements routiers français, et les relations Etat membre / Europe dans le cadre de la procédure des fonds structurels.Cornu Jean-Yves, Gilbert Guy. L'exercice de la responsabilité à travers la contractualisation : l'exemple des cofinancements entre collectivités publiques. In: Politiques et management public, vol. 19, n° 1, 2001. Les nouvelles exigences de la responsabilité publique. Actes du dixième colloque international - Paris, jeudi 9 et vendredi 10 mars 2000 - Tome 1. pp. 25-41

Prediction of zinc and cadmium phytoavailibility within a contamined agricultural site using DGT

International audienceRisk assessment of metal contamination in cultivated soils needs to address metal phytoavailability. The technique of diffusive gradients in thin films (DGT) has been shown to be a promising tool to assess metal phytoavailability in a wide range of soils. The present study has examined the ability of the DGT method to predict metal phytoavailability within a contaminated agricultural site. Lettuce (Lactuva sativa cv Appia) was grown in nine metal-contaminated soils differing mainly by their pH. Metal concentrations (Zn, Cd) in plant shoots were compared with total soil metal concentrations and free ion metal concentrations in soil pore waters, and effective concentrations, C-E, measured by DGT. Plant Zn concentrations were highly related to C-E, suggesting DGT can be a sensitive tool able to assess Zn phytoavailability within mildly contaminated agricultural soils. Plant Cd concentrations were less closely related to C-E, signifying that processes other than Cd re-supply from the solid phase may occur during soil-plant transfer of Cd

Advantages and limits to copper phytoextraction in vineyards

International audienceCopper (Cu) contamination of soils may alter the functioning and sustainability of vineyard ecosystems. Cultivating Cu-extracting plants in vineyard inter-rows, or phytoextraction, is one possible way currently under consideration in agroecology to reduce Cu contamination of vineyard topsoils. This option is rarely used, mainly because Cu phytoextraction yields are too low to significantly reduce contamination due to the relatively "low" phytoavailability of Cu in the soil (compared to other trace metals) and its preferential accumulation in the roots of most extracting plants. This article describes the main practices and associated constraints that could theoretically be used to maximize Cu phytoextraction at field scale, including the use of Cu-accumulating plants grown (i) with acidifying plants (e.g., leguminous plants), and/or (ii) in the presence of acidifying fertilizers (ammonium, elemental sulfur), or (iii) with soluble "biochelators" added to the soil such as natural humic substances or metabolites produced by rhizospheric bacteria such as siderophores, in the inter-rows. This discussion article also provides an overview of the possible ways to exploit Cu-enriched biomass, notably through ecocatalysis or biofortification of animal feed