L’institutionnalisation dans l’enseignement/apprentissage de la grammaire

Dans le présent article, nous interrogeons le concept d’institutionnalisation dans la démarche d’apprentissage de notions grammaticales en adoptant une approche inter-didactique. Nous cherchons à identifier les spécificités de l’institutionnalisation en grammaire par l’observation et la comparaison de pratiques de classes dans trois disciplines scolaires (français, maths et sciences). Ce repérage repose sur l’analyse des formes qu’elle peut revêtir, à la fois dans les interactions enseignant/élève et dans la trace qui formalise le savoir grammatical construit.In this paper, we want to examine the concept of institutionalization in the learning process of grammatical notions by adopting a pluridisciplinary approach. We try to identify the specificities of grammar institutionalization by observing and comparing class practices in three school subjects (French, Maths and Science). This procedure is based on the analysis of the forms it can take both in the teachers/pupils interactions and in the track which formalizes the constructed grammatical knowledge

Un dictionnaire électronique pour la reconnaissance des formes dérivées

Cet article présente un modèle de dictionnaire morphologique qui a été appliqué à la description d'environ 8 000 mots. Les auteurs soulignent les différents points de la description qui demandent à être développés et les acquis incontestables : l'intérêt que représente une description du lexique en termes de niveaux, qui structure le lexique et lui confère une hiérarchie propre à décrire les familles dérivationnelles.This article presents a model of a morphological dictionary applied to the description of some 8000 words. The authors focus on various problems requiring further research as well as a positive contribution of the research: a lexical description in terms of levels is valuable in that it organizes the lexicon and provides a hierarchy that allows for describing derivational series

L'institutionnalisation. De l'importation d'un concept en didactique du français.

International audienc

Pratique d'institutionnalisation de l'enseignant. Approche Interdisciplinaire

International audienc

L’analyse des données didactiques

La présente livraison de Lidil s’intéresse à l’analyse des pratiques d’enseignement du français langue première, seconde ou étrangère. L’objectif de ce numéro est de cerner comment les questions relatives à l’enseignement et à l’apprentissage institutionnels du français sont abordées par les chercheurs, de faire apparaitre les axes dominants ainsi que les spécificités du champ de recherche de la didactique. Partant du principe que les facteurs contextuels influencent de façon prépondérante les pratiques de formation, la définition de l’objet de recherche requiert un traitement théorique explicité du contexte des pratiques analysées. Ceci constitue la première ligne directrice du numéro. Parallèlement, il s’agit de poursuivre la réflexion méthodologique entreprise autour de l’analyse des pratiques de formation. Ainsi, les principes méthodologiques qui sous-tendent les procédures de recueil des données, le statut des données audio et vidéo, les outils d’analyse constituent notre seconde ligne directrice. Organisé à partir de ceux deux axes, ce numéro 49 de Lidil réunit des contributions qui mettent en résonance les ancrages théoriques et les méthodes de recherche, dans le but de faire apparaitre des dominantes ainsi que des spécificités

Lipid-specific immunoglobulin M bands in cerebrospinal fluid are associated with a reduced risk of developing progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy during treatment with natalizumab

[Objective]: Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) is a serious side effect associated with natalizumab treatment in multiple sclerosis (MS). PML risk increases in individuals seropositive for anti–John Cunningham virus (JC) antibodies, with prolonged duration of natalizumab treatment, and with prior exposure to immunosuppressants. We explored whether the presence of lipid‐specific immunoglobulin M oligoclonal bands in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF; IgM bands), a recognized marker of highly inflammatory MS, may identify individuals better able to counteract the potential immunosuppressive effect of natalizumab and hence be associated with a reduced risk of developing PML. [Methods]: We studied 24 MS patients who developed PML and another 343 who did not suffer this opportunistic infection during natalizumab treatment. Patients were recruited at 25 university hospitals. IgM bands were studied by isoelectric focusing and immunodetection. CSF lymphocyte counts were explored in 151 MS patients recruited at Ramon y Cajal Hospital in Madrid, Spain. [Results]: IgM bands were independently associated with decreased PML risk (odds ratio [OR] = 45.9, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 5.9–339.3, p < 0.0001) in patients treated with natalizumab. They were also associated with significantly higher CSF CD4, CD8, and B‐cell numbers. Patients positive for IgM bands and anti‐JC antibodies had similar levels of reduced PML risk to those who were anti‐JC negative (OR = 1.55, 95% CI = 0.09–25.2, p = 1.0). Higher risk was observed in patients positive for anti‐JC antibodies and negative for IgM bands (19% of the total cohort, OR = 59.71, 95% CI = 13.6–262.2). [Interpretation]: The presence of IgM bands reflects a process that may diminish the risk of PML by counteracting the excess of immunosuppression that may occur during natalizumab therapy. Ann Neurol 2015;77:447–457This work was supported by grants; PI12–00239 from FIS; Instituto de Salud Carlos III; SAF 2012‐34670, and RD12/0032/0005 from the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness; and BMBF grant KKNMS (Competence Net Multiple Sclerosis; H.T.)

Switching TNF antagonists in patients with chronic arthritis: An observational study of 488 patients over a four-year period

The objective of this work is to analyze the survival of infliximab, etanercept and adalimumab in patients who have switched among tumor necrosis factor (TNF) antagonists for the treatment of chronic arthritis. BIOBADASER is a national registry of patients with different forms of chronic arthritis who are treated with biologics. Using this registry, we have analyzed patient switching of TNF antagonists. The cumulative discontinuation rate was calculated using the actuarial method. The log-rank test was used to compare survival curves, and Cox regression models were used to assess independent factors associated with discontinuing medication. Between February 2000 and September 2004, 4,706 patients were registered in BIOBADASER, of whom 68% had rheumatoid arthritis, 11% ankylosing spondylitis, 10% psoriatic arthritis, and 11% other forms of chronic arthritis. One- and two-year drug survival rates of the TNF antagonist were 0.83 and 0.75, respectively. There were 488 patients treated with more than one TNF antagonist. In this situation, survival of the second TNF antagonist decreased to 0.68 and 0.60 at 1 and 2 years, respectively. Survival was better in patients replacing the first TNF antagonist because of adverse events (hazard ratio (HR) for discontinuation 0.55 (95% confidence interval (CI), 0.34-0.84)), and worse in patients older than 60 years (HR 1.10 (95% CI 0.97-2.49)) or who were treated with infliximab (HR 3.22 (95% CI 2.13-4.87)). In summary, in patients who require continuous therapy and have failed to respond to a TNF antagonist, replacement with a different TNF antagonist may be of use under certain situations. This issue will deserve continuous reassessment with the arrival of new medications. © 2006 Gomez-Reino and Loreto Carmona; licensee BioMed Central Ltd