The Development of Global Science.

How do we build research capacity throughout the world and capture the great human potential? To us, the answer is rather straightforward: the time-honored tradition of scientific mentoring must be practiced on a wider scale across borders. Herein, we detail the necessity for expanding mentorship to a global scale and provide several important principles to be considered when designing, planning, and implementing programs and centers of research around the world

The Globalization of Trade and Democracy, 1870-2000

We study whether international trade fosters democracy. The likely endogeneity between democracy and trade is addressed via the gravity model of trade, allowing us to obtain a measure of natural openness. This serves as our instrumental variable for actual trade openness à la Frankel and Romer (1999). We use this powerful instrument to obtain estimates of the causal impact of openness on democratization. A positive impact of openness on democracy is apparent from about 1895 onwards. Late nineteenth century trade globalization may have helped generate the "first wave" of democratization. Between 1920 and 1938 countries more exposed to international trade were less likely to become authoritarian. Finally, our post-World War II results suggest that a one standard deviation increase in trade with other countries could bring countries like Indonesia, Russia or Venezuela to be as democratic as the US, Great Britain or France. We also see some variation in the impact of openness by region and note that commodity exporters and petroleum producers do not seem to become more democratic by exporting more of such items.

Identifikasi Industri Berdasarkan Limbah Yang Menunjang Perekonomian Nelayan Namun Relatif Menurunkan Kualitas Air Dan Produksi Perikanan

Economic development in DKI Jakarta is very fast, so naturally if Jakarta is Indonesia\u27s largest producer of waste, whether from domestic wastes, urban sewage and industrial waste. The purpose of this study was to identify both industrial and industrial fishing industry is relatively non-fishery will support economic and industry relative to lower fish production. In this study grouped the industry that supports the economy and industry that could cause negative impacts on marine resources (inhibiting the community\u27s economy) by using the comparative performance index. Research shows that small-scale fishing industry, medium & large are clean development mechanism (CDM), so that the relative does not pollute the environment and to support the fishing economy, but domestic scale fishing industry and retail traders often use the hazardous and toxic materials so that wastes can pollute the environment and endanger the health of those who consume. Non-fishing industries generally produce wastes hazardous and toxic materials so that tends to pollute and damage the environment. Environmental degradation resulting in decreased productivity, thereby reducing the economy of fishing communities. Order fishing industry that hamper the economy in a row is hazardous and toxic materials-producing industries have no wastewater, Producing hazardous and toxic materials Wastewater Treatment Plant do not always operate, garment, Producing hazardous and toxic materials there Wastewater Treatment Plant, Producing hazardous and toxic materials there is Wastewater Treatment Plant, there is a demand ecolabelling and Retailers & domestic fishing industry. Water quality in North Jakarta Coastal was bad category

Dupuytren's contracture as result of prolonged administration of phenobarbital.

Dupuytren's disease is a fibroproliferative condition involving the superficial palmar fascia, leading to a progressive and irreversible flexion of the fingers. In literature, there are different opinions regarding the phenobarbital, a common antiepileptic drug, and its effective role in the genesis and development of Dupuytren's disease. In this retrospective investigation the association between phenobarbital and Dupuytren's contracture is discussed.Three patients in treatment with phenobarbital who had no others significant risk factors for Dupuytren's contracture were included in this study. The disease occurred after one to four years of drug therapy, at dosage of 100 mg/day. After surgery, Dupuytren's disease showed different evolutions in relation to dosage and type of antiepileptic drug used. Phenobarbital causes a dose and time-dipendent profibrotic effect. A clinical regression was observed when phenobarbital was substituted by carbamazepine, maintaining the same dosage (100 mg/day). This data confirms that not all the antiepileptic drugs are implicated in palmar fibrosis, and suggests that, according to the efficacy and adverse effects, the administration of benzodiazepine reduces the risk of Dupuytren's recurrence

Perancangan Sistem Pengendalian Suhu Kumbung Jamur Dengan Logika Fuzzy

Penelitian ini difokuskan pada pengendalian suhu kumbung jamur tiram dengan kontrol fuzzy gain scheduling yang digunakan untuk mentuning Kp, Ki, dan Kd agar diperoleh respon yang terbaik untuk aktuator sprayer dan blower. Pemodelan matematis ARX untuk membuat fungsi pengendalian suhu terhadap kelembaban. Variabel input yang digunakan dalam kontrol logika fuzzy GS ini adalah nilai setpoint suhu dan error suhu. Hasil output dari kontrol logika fuzzy adalah nilai otomatis tuning dari Kp, Ki, Kd Dari hasil fitting data real plant dengan data estimasi dengan menggunakan pemodelan ARX, diperoleh angka 66, 69% dan 54,49% untuk hasil fitting data real plant dengan data validasi. Dilihat dari bentuk kurva yang diperoleh, terdapat kesamaan tren antara data real plant dengan data estimasi maupun validasi. Telah dilakukan uji open loop dan juga close pada sistem pengendalian yang dirancang. Pemberian nilai set point pada suhu yang sesuai untuk pertumbuhan jamur yaitu pada suhu 28° C dapat dicapai dan dipertahankan dengan nilai maximum overshoot dari pengendali tersebut sebesar 0.89% dan time settling sekitar 325 detik. Fungsi suhu terhadap kelembaban dengan pemodelan ARX menghasilkan respon sistem dengan maximum overshoot dari pengendali tersebut sebesar 35% dan time settling sekitar 240 detik, dan error steady state sebesar 0,03%

Freestyle pedicled perforator flaps: safety, prevention of complications, and management based on 85 consecutive cases.

Background: Despite the widespread use of free perforator flaps, pedicled perforator flaps seem not to be as widely accepted, probably because of the fear of vascular complications caused by transfer of a flap attached only by its vascular pedicle, prone to shearing, kinking, and trauma. In this article, the authors report on their experience with 85 consecutive cases, focusing on incidence, prevention, and management of complications. Methods: Eighty-five consecutive cases were treated over 6 years at the Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Department of the University of Palermo for defects of different causes that were reconstructed with a freestyle pedicled perforator flap, in every region of the body, including the head and neck (41.2 percent), trunk (20 percent), upper limb (7.1 percent), and lower limb (31.8 percent). The majority of flaps (67.1 percent) were 180-degree propeller perforator flaps. Results: Complete flap survival was observed in 93 percent of cases. Six flaps (7 percent) had vascular complications that were managed with venous supercharging (two cases), derotation (one case), conservative management (two cases), or secondary skin grafting (one case). The authors provide their approach to each situation to prevent or manage complications. Conclusions: The 93 percent success rate in this series seems to be acceptable and demonstrates that these flaps might be safely included in the authors’ routine. If the flaps are appropriately planned and executed, with the suggestions provided in this article, some mistakes can be avoided to make these flaps even safer

Giant condylomata (Buschke-Löwenstein tumours): our case load in surgical treatment and review of the current therapies.

BACKGROUND: Buschke-Löwenstein tumour (BLT) or giant condyloma is a verrucous infiltrating lesion, due to a sexually transmitted virus infection, human papilloma virus subtypes 6 and 11. Poor hygiene, promiscuity, chronic irritation and cellular immunocompromised states are often implicated in its genesis. Typical treatment of giant condyloma includes imiquimod cream, podophillin resin, cryotherapy, laser surgery, tangential shave excision with electrocautery. OBJECTIVE: The authors report their case load in the treatment of giant condyloma and the review of the modern therapies. METHODS AND MATERIALS: 27 consecutive patients (18 men, nine women) underwent surgery for giant condylomata of perianal region and externa genitalia at the Department of Plastic Surgery of the University of Palermo, from October 2006 to December 2009. All the patients had been treated before with conservative therapies without significant results. We performed the radical excision with split-thickness skin graft in all the patients. RESULTS: No significant complications have occurred in all the cases. The functional and aesthetic outcome were satisfying. No recurrence of disease were noticed in the follow-up. CONCLUSION: the radical excision with split-thickness skin graft appears to be a successful option of treatment for Buschke-Löwenstein tumours. Compared to other methods it does not necessitate several stages of treatment, moreover it has the advantage of a lower risk of recurrence, it allows a complete histologic examination, the healing process is rapid, the improvement of quality of patients's life is significant

Globalization and Democracy, 1870-2000

democracy, openness, gravity model

Probing the Pulsar Wind Nebula of PSR B0355+54

We present XMM-Newton and Chandra X-ray observations of the middle-aged radio pulsar PSR B0355+54. Our X-ray observations reveal emission not only from the pulsar itself, but also from a compact diffuse component extending ~50'' in the opposite direction to the pulsar's proper motion. There is also evidence for the presence of fainter diffuse emission extending ~5' from the point source. The compact diffuse feature is well-fitted with a power-law, the index of which is consistent with the values found for other pulsar wind nebulae. The morphology of the diffuse component is similar to the ram-pressure confined pulsar wind nebulae detected for other sources. The X-ray emission from the pulsar itself is described well by a thermal plus power-law fit, with the thermal emission most likely originating in a hot polar cap.Comment: 9 pages (uses emulateapj.cls), 8 figures, 2 tables, accepted for publication in Ap