Etude de la composition lipidique du raisin, Vitis vinifera L.: Evolution au cours de la maturation et localisation dans la baie

Lipid composition of grapevine berries, Vitis vinifera L.:Changes during maturation and localization in the berryQuantitative determinations in four grapevine varieties, Vitis vinifera L., gave evidence that the level of fatty acids in mature be rries was around 0.045 %, for t he main part unsaturated acids. Linoleic, pa lmit ic, linolenic and oleic acids were the most abundant, followed by stearic and behenic acids . No free fatty acids were found. Phospholipids formed the largest fraction prior to neutral and glycolipids. Glycolipids showed a high level of linolenic acid, while in phospho- and neutral lipids linoleic acid was highest. In the three fractions, polyunsaturated acids made up more th an half of total fatty acids. No differences were found between grape varieties. During grape maturation, changes in fatty acid levels were low, except for linolenic acid, which decreased consistently, this decline was concerned with neutral and glycolipids. Consequently, the potential of herbaceous flavour decreased progressively during berry maturation. Fatty acids were 1.5-3 times lower in pulp than in skin; thus, the skin can contribute to a large enrichment of fatty acids in juice, polyunsaturated derivatives, especially linolenic acid, being highest. In consequence, the presence of a !a rge part of grape herbaceous flavour potential in the skin was confirmed. Fatty acid patterns were s imilar in pulp and in skin, with more than half consisting of polyunsaturated compounds. There were a lso identical patterns for other lipids such as phospholipids, which were t he most abundant, followed by neutral and glycolipids

La macération pelliculaire dans la vinification en blanc - Incidence sur la composante volatile des vins

Skin contact in white wine processing- Effects on the volatile constituents of winesWines were made from three different white vine cultivars, Chenin, Chardonnay, Bourboulenc by standard white wine processing, with and without skin contact, and their volatile constituents were analysed using gas chromatography standard procedures. 61 substances were identified and quantified in quadruplicate. One-way analyses of variance for each component were performed in which skin contact wine was compared to the control wine for each vine cultivar. Skin contact was shown to increase significantly most volatile components except volatile acids. In attempt to classify the wines investigated, principal component analysis was conducted using the amounts of compounds differing significantly in variance analysis

The effects of financialisation and financial development on investment: Evidence from firm-level data in Europe

In this paper we estimate the effects of financialization on physical investment in selected western European countries using panel data based on the balance-sheets of publicly listed non-financial companies (NFCs) supplied by Worldscope for the period 1995-2015. We find robust evidence of an adverse effect of both financial payments (interests and dividends) and financial incomes on investment in fixed assets by the NFCs. This finding is robust for both the pool of all Western European firms and single country estimations. The negative impacts of financial incomes are non-linear with respect to the companies’ size: financial incomes crowd-out investment in large companies, and have a positive effect on the investment of only small, relatively more credit-constrained companies. Moreover, we find that a higher degree of financial development is associated with a stronger negative effect of financial incomes on companies’ investment. This finding challenges the common wisdom on ‘finance-growth nexus’. Our findings support the ‘financialization thesis’ that the increasing orientation of the non-financial sector towards financial activities is ultimately leading to lower physical investment, hence to stagnant or fragile growth, as well as long term stagnation in productivity

Mechanisms of Cognitive Impairment in Cerebral Small Vessel Disease: Multimodal MRI Results from the St George's Cognition and Neuroimaging in Stroke (SCANS) Study.

Cerebral small vessel disease (SVD) is a common cause of vascular cognitive impairment. A number of disease features can be assessed on MRI including lacunar infarcts, T2 lesion volume, brain atrophy, and cerebral microbleeds. In addition, diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) is sensitive to disruption of white matter ultrastructure, and recently it has been suggested that additional information on the pattern of damage may be obtained from axial diffusivity, a proposed marker of axonal damage, and radial diffusivity, an indicator of demyelination. We determined the contribution of these whole brain MRI markers to cognitive impairment in SVD. Consecutive patients with lacunar stroke and confluent leukoaraiosis were recruited into the ongoing SCANS study of cognitive impairment in SVD (n = 115), and underwent neuropsychological assessment and multimodal MRI. SVD subjects displayed poor performance on tests of executive function and processing speed. In the SVD group brain volume was lower, white matter hyperintensity volume higher and all diffusion characteristics differed significantly from control subjects (n = 50). On multi-predictor analysis independent predictors of executive function in SVD were lacunar infarct count and diffusivity of normal appearing white matter on DTI. Independent predictors of processing speed were lacunar infarct count and brain atrophy. Radial diffusivity was a stronger DTI predictor than axial diffusivity, suggesting ischaemic demyelination, seen neuropathologically in SVD, may be an important predictor of cognitive impairment in SVD. Our study provides information on the mechanism of cognitive impairment in SVD

Treatment for acute myelogenous leukemia by low dose Total Body Irradiation (TBI) based conditioning and hematopoietic cell transplantation from related and unrelated donors

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Beyond the Born–Oppenheimer approximation: High-resolution overtone spectroscopy of H2D+ and D2H+

Transitions to overtone 2v2 and 2v3, and combination v2 + v3 vibrations in jet-cooled H2D+ and D2H+ molecular ions have been measured for the first time by high-resolution IR spectroscopy. The source of these ions is a pulsed slit jet supersonic discharge, which allows for efficient generation, rotational cooling, and high frequency (100 KHz) concentration modulation for detection via sensitive lock-in detection methods. Isotopic substitution and high-resolution overtone spectroscopy in this fundamental molecular ion permit a systematic, first principles investigation of Born–Oppenheimer "breakdown" effects due to large amplitude vibrational motion as well as provide rigorous tests of approximate theoretical methods beyond the Born–Oppenheimer level. The observed overtone transitions are in remarkably good agreement (<0.1 cm–1) with non-Born–Oppenheimer ab initio theoretical predictions, with small but systematic deviations for 2v2, 2v + 3v, and 2v3 excited states indicating directions for further improvement in such treatments. Spectroscopic assignment and analysis of the isotopomeric transitions reveals strong Coriolis mixing between near resonant 2v3 and 2v + 3v vibrations in D2H+. Population-independent line intensity ratios for transitions from common lower states indicate excellent overall agreement with theoretical predictions for D2H+, but with statistically significant discrepancies noted for H2D+. Finally, H2D+ versus D2H+ isotopomer populations are analyzed as a function of D2/H2 mixing ratio and can be well described by steady state kinetics in the slit discharge expansion

Defining Responses to Therapy and Study Outcomes in Clinical Trials of Invasive Fungal Diseases: Mycoses Study Group and European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Consensus Criteria

Invasive fungal diseases (IFDs) have become major causes of morbidity and mortality among highly immunocompromised patients. Authoritative consensus criteria to diagnose IFD have been useful in establishing eligibility criteria for antifungal trials. There is an important need for generation of consensus definitions of outcomes of IFD that will form a standard for evaluating treatment success and failure in clinical trials. Therefore, an expert international panel consisting of the Mycoses Study Group and the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer was convened to propose guidelines for assessing treatment responses in clinical trials of IFDs and for defining study outcomes. Major fungal diseases that are discussed include invasive disease due to Candida species, Aspergillus species and other molds, Cryptococcus neoformans, Histoplasma capsulatum, and Coccidioides immitis. We also discuss potential pitfalls in assessing outcome, such as conflicting clinical, radiological, and/or mycological data and gaps in knowledg