The relation between the volatile and total acidity in starters and in cultures of S. Lacticus

During the last few years evidence has been presented which shows that starters are not pure cultures of S. lacticus. Hammer and Bailey, Storch and Boekhout and Ott de Vries have found that starters contain organisms other than S. lactic us that are important from the standpoint of volatile acid and odor and flavor development. More recently Hammer4has secured data that indicate the source of the volatile acidity produced by the organisms associated with S. lacticus and has also shown that starters do not contain pure lactic acid as they would be expected to if they were pure cultures of S. lacticus. The percent of the total acidity represented by volatile acid at various times during the period of rapid acid development is quite different with starters than it is with pure cultures of S. lactictus, and this difference offers further proof that starters are not pure cultures; data on this point are presented herewith .

Burnt or caramel flavor of dairy products

While many abnormal flavors present in dairy products are indefinite and difficult to name, others are sufficiently distinct so that descriptive names can be applied to them. \u27fhe so-called burnt flavor is one of the rather common flavors belong\u27ing to the latter group and is observed particularly in butter. Butter showing this flavor has often been made from raw cream without the use of starter prepared from heated milk, so it is evident that the flavor is not due to the heat used in pasteurization. Moreover, the experienced butter judge recognizes a pronounced difference between the so-called burnt flavor and the flavor that results from excessive pasteurization exposures. The burnt flavor, like all flavors, is very difficult to describe. It suggests caramel to some people and the flavor of condensed milk to others, while still others believe it is more suggestive of malt

A study of lactose-fermenting yeasts present in yeasty cream

The shipment for considerable distances of cream to be made into butter, either from receiving stations or from individual farmers, is a common practice in many sections. Much of this cream is sent without refrigeration and undergoes extensive changes as a result of the activity of the organisms contained. \u27l\u27he type of fermentation that occurs is influenced to a considerable extent by the types of organisms present, but other factors, the most important of which is apparently the temperature, cause a significant effect. One of the important fermentations occurring in cream during the warm months is the yeasty or\u27 foamy fermentation

The Application of LANDSAT Data from Collection Platforms and LANDSAT Imagery for Fire Management, Everglades National Park, Florida

There are no author-identified significant results in this report

Detection of Bursts from FRB 121102 with the Effelsberg 100-m Radio Telescope at 5 GHz and the Role of Scintillation

FRB 121102, the only repeating fast radio burst (FRB) known to date, was discovered at 1.4 GHz and shortly after the discovery of its repeating nature, detected up to 2.4 GHz. Here we present three bursts detected with the 100-m Effelsberg radio telescope at 4.85 GHz. All three bursts exhibited frequency structure on broad and narrow frequency scales. Using an autocorrelation function analysis, we measured a characteristic bandwidth of the small-scale structure of 6.4$\pm$1.6 MHz, which is consistent with the diffractive scintillation bandwidth for this line of sight through the Galactic interstellar medium (ISM) predicted by the NE2001 model. These were the only detections in a campaign totaling 22 hours in 10 observing epochs spanning five months. The observed burst detection rate within this observation was inconsistent with a Poisson process with a constant average occurrence rate; three bursts arrived in the final 0.3 hr of a 2 hr observation on 2016 August 20. We therefore observed a change in the rate of detectable bursts during this observation, and we argue that boosting by diffractive interstellar scintillations may have played a role in the detectability. Understanding whether changes in the detection rate of bursts from FRB 121102 observed at other radio frequencies and epochs are also a product of propagation effects, such as scintillation boosting by the Galactic ISM or plasma lensing in the host galaxy, or an intrinsic property of the burst emission will require further observations.Comment: Accepted to ApJ. Minor typos correcte

The Gamma Ray Pulsar Population

We apply a likelihood analysis to pulsar detections, pulsar upper limits, and diffuse background measurements from the OSSE and EGRET instruments on the Compton Gamma Ray Observatory to constrain the luminosity law for gamma-ray pulsars and some properties of the gamma-ray pulsar population. We find that the dependence of luminosity on spin period and dipole magnetic field is much steeper at OSSE than at EGRET energies (50-200 keV and >100 MeV, respectively), suggesting that different emission mechanisms are responsible for low- and high-energy gamma-ray emission. Incorporating a spin-down model and assuming a pulsar spatial distribution, we estimate the fraction of the Galactic gamma-ray background due to unidentified pulsars and find that pulsars may be an important component of the OSSE diffuse flux, but are most likely not important at EGRET energies. Using measurements of the diffuse background flux from these instruments, we are able to place constraints on the braking index, initial spin period, and magnetic field of the Galactic pulsar population. We are also able to constrain the pulsar birthrate to be between 1/(25 yr) and 1/(500 yr). Our results are based on a large gamma-ray beam, but they do not scale in a simple way with beam size. With our assumed beam size, the implied gamma-ray efficiency for the EGRET detections is no more than 20%. We estimate that about 20 of the 169 unidentified EGRET sources are probably gamma-ray pulsars. We use our model to predict the pulsar population that will be seen by future gamma-ray instruments and estimate that GLAST will detect roughly 750 gamma-ray pulsars as steady sources, only 120 of which are currently known radio pulsars.Comment: 32 pages, including figures. submitted to Ap