Distribuição, riqueza e conservação dos peixes troglóbios da Serra da Bodoquena, MS (Teleostei: Siluriformes)

In Bodoquena karst area occur large submerged and flooded cave systems, as well as dry caves, which harbor an important troglobitc fauna. Five troglobitic species of Siluriformes are currently known: Ancistrus formoso (Loricariidae), Trichomycterus dali (Trichomycteridae), and three undescribed species, Ancistrus sp. n. (Loricariidae), Rhamdia sp.n. (Heptapteridae) and Trichomycterus cf. dali. Due the need of understanding the ecological, biological and biogeographic processes for the development of effective actions on conserve the subterranean ecosystems, partial results of population studies of the three undescribed species are presented. The expansion of conservation areas in order to cover all the occurrence areas of troglobitic fishes in Bodoquena Plateau is suggested.Na área cárstica da Serra da Bodoquena ocorrem cavernas inundadas e submersas, além de cavernas secas, que abrigam uma fauna troglóbia importante. Cinco espécies de siluriformes troglóbios são atualmente conhecidas nesta região: Ancistrus formoso (Loricariidae), Trichomycterus dali (Trichomycteridae) e três espécies ainda não descritas, Ancistrus sp. (Loricariidae), Rhamdia sp. (Heptapteridae) e Trichomycterus cf. dali. Considerando que a compreensão dos padrões ecológicos, biológicos e biogeográficos é necessária para a elaboração de ações eficazes para a preservação dos ecossitemas subterrâneos, são apresentados os resultados parciais do estudo de populações das três espécies não descritas. A ampliação das áreas de preservação a fim de abrangerem todas as áreas de ocorrência dos peixes troglóbios na Serra da Bodoquena é sugerida

Water quality in Una River Basin – Pernambuco

This study aimed to evaluate the water quality of the lower portion of Una River Basin, Pernambuco, by means of analysis of physical, chemical and microbiological parameters. The monitoring was conducted among October 2013 and March 2014. Sampling locations were in the cities of Catende, Palmares and Água Preta, selecting three collection points in each district. Parameters analyzed: temperature, electric conductivity, dissolved oxygen, biochemical oxygen demand, turbidity, potassium, pH, total phosphorus, thermotolerant coliforms, and Escherichia Coli. The results showed the water quality in the Basin Una River is outside of CONAMA standars Resolution 357/2005 for fresh water Class II parameters: dissolved oxygen, pH, phosphorus, thermotolerant coliforms and Escherichia Coli. Potassium concentration shows the discharge of effluents from the processing of sugar cane in the hydrous body did not affect the quality of the water. The main contamination source of water was the release of domestic sewage.

A importância da alimentação saudável e estado nutricional adequado frente a pandemia de Covid-19 / The importance of healthy eating and adequate nutritional status in the face of the Covid-19 pandemic

A prevenção de doenças passa por um conjunto de cuidados diversos e no caso da COVID-19, o fortalecimento do sistema imunitário auxilia no combate a infeções, existem também diversos fatores que estão associados a riscos significativos para a infecção pelo COVID-19 e podemos destacar  a má alimentação e o  estado  nutricional  inadequado do  indivíduo  e  as  doenças  não  transmissíveis preexistentes  como  diabetes  mellitus,  doenças  pulmonares  crônicas,  doenças cardiovasculares e a obesidade. O estudo tem como objetivo destacar através de uma revisão literária a importância da alimentação saudável e o estado nutricional adequado para prevenção e manutenção da saúde frente a pandemia de COVID-19. Trata-se um estudo exploratório, por meio de uma pesquisa bibliográfica. De acordo com as literaturas estudadas alimentação adequada com a proporção correta de macro nutrientes e micronutrientes adequado contribui para o fortalecimento do sistema imunológico e a prevenção de doenças crônicas não transmissíveis

Ecology and phylogeography of Trichomycterus, troglobitc catfish in Serra da Bodoquena karst area, MS (Siluriformes, Trichomycteridae)

Neste trabalho foram investigados a distribuição de populações e aspectos populacionais (densidades populacionais e distribuição da classe de tamanho, peso e fator de condição) de bagres Trichomycterus troglóbios, com enfoque na Gruta do Urubu Rei, entre abril de 2010 a outubro de 2012. As prospecções em campo resultaram na confirmação de 11 localidades com ocorrência desses bagres, distribuídas ao longo de 115 km na direção norte-sul ao longo das cabeceiras cársticas do Rio Miranda, quatro delas tratando-se de novos registros. A densidade da população de Trichomycterus sp. 1 na Gruta do Urubu Rei está sujeita às variações sazonais entre anos relacionadas aos ciclos pluviométricos regionais. O predomínio de classes de tamanhos juvenis (CP < 40 mm), os deslocamentos relativamente grandes de indivíduos maduros, as variações na densidade populacional indicam que a Gruta do Urubu Rei abriga uma população aberta e possui condições ambientais propícias à reprodução e crescimento, funcionando como uma caverna \"berçário\".As comparações dos parâmetros estudados sugerem que as populações-fontes de Trichomycterus sp. 1 ocupam ambientes freáticos próximos à superfície, possivelmente devido à maior disponibilidade alimentar nestes locais. Por outro lado, os dados de densidade populacional e de distribuição das classes de tamanho indicam que T. Dali e Trichomycterus sp. 2 possivelmente habitam ambientes freáticos profundos e reproduzem-se próximo à superfície. Até o momento, pouco se sabe sobre a ecologia destas espécies em cavernas subaquáticas da região, fazendo-se necessários estudos futuros para compreender a dinâmica das populações no freático profundo. Os bagres Trichomycterus subterrâneos da Serra da Bodoquena devem ser considerados vulneráveis à extinção, pois seus hábitats estão sugeitos à degradação antrópica, como a contaminação e explotação da água subterrânea, assoreamento do aquífero de condutos e o turismo não-controlado. Entre as populações troglóbias de bagres Trichomycterus na Serra da Bodoquena, foram identificadas três linhagens divergentes através do uso de duas técnicas complementares e independentes, a análise de sequências de nucleotídeos do DNA mitocondrial e a morfometria geométrica. As genealogias obtidas para os genes COI, Cit b e 16S foram concordantes, apresentando o mesmo padrão de distribuição geográfica. A divergência genética não está correlacionada com a distância geográfica, sendo melhor explicada pela presença dos haplogrupos. Foi detectado um alto grau de isolamento populacional e baixa variação genética intrapopulacional. Este resultado pode ser explicado pela compartimentação do hábitat, devido ao predomínio de bacias poligonais ao longo do Planalto da Bodoquena, limitando do fluxo gênico entre as populações. Na Gruta Morro do Jericó foi detectada a ocorrência sintópica dos haplogrupos I e II, o que explica o alto valor de divergência nesta localidade. Possivelmente, essa é uma zona secundária de contato entre T. Dali e TB.sp. 1. A presença de fluxo de água subterrânea com rotas profundas no Setor sul, pode explicar o menor grau de divergência genética e morfológica entre T. dali e Trichomycterus sp. 2. A forma corporal indica diferentes graus de especialização, possivelmente associados às diferentes condições ambientais entre os sistemas cársticos da área de estudo. A presença da linhagem mais troglomórfica ao sul da Serra da Bodoquena, região onde ocorrem cavernas atualmente alagadas depois de uma fase vadosa, sugere que o isolamento das linhagens troglóbias de Trichomycterus esteja associado ao soerguimento relativo, resultante da subsidência da Bacia do Pantanal e responsável pela geomorfologia atual da região. É hipotetizado que o isolamento dos Trichomycterus no subterrâneo tenha ocorrido na segunda metade do Terciário, quando o soerguimento relativo do Planalto da Boquena foi aceleradoThe present study focused the distribution of Trichomycterus populations and populational aspects (population density and distribution of size, weight and condition factor classes), in the Urubu Rei Cave, between April 2010 andOctober 2012. Field surveys confirmed the occurrence of Trichomycterus catfishes in 11 localities, included four new records, distributed along 115 km in the north-south direction encompassing the karst headwaters of the Miranda River basin,. The population density of Trichomycterus sp. 1 in the Urubu Rei Cave showed seasonal and inter-years variations related to regional pluviometric cycles. The predominance of juvenile size classes (SL < 40 mm), the relatively long-distance moviments of mature individuals and variations in population densities indicate that Urubu Rei Cave shelters an open population whith environmental conditions favorable for reproduction and growth. The comparisons of parameters indicate that the source populations of Trichomycterus sp. 1 occupy groundwater habitats near the surface, possibly due to greater food availability in this zone. On the other hand, data on population density and distribution of size classes suggest that T. Dali and Trichomycterus sp. 2 probably inhabit deep phreatic habitats and reproduce near the surface so far. Little is known about the ecology of these species in underwater caves hence further studies are necessary to understand the population dynamics in the deep phreatic zone. Subterranean Trichomycterus catfish from Serra da Bodoquena shoul be considered at least vulnerable, because their habitats are subjected to anthropogenic degradation, such as exploitation and contamination of groundwaters and sedimentation conduits aquifer and poorly controlled touristic visitation. Among troglobitic populations of Trichomycterus catfishes in Serra Bodoquena kart area, three lineages were identified using of two independent and complementary methods, the analysis of nucleotide sequences of mitochondrial DNA and geometric morphometric. The genealogies obtained for COI, Cyt b and 16S were highly concordant and showeded the same pattern of geographic distribution. The genetic divergence was not correlated with the geographic distance and was best explained by the presence of haplogroups. A high degree of population isolation was detected, with low intra-population genetic variation. The limited gene flow may be explained due to the partitioning of the habitat by the predominance of polygonal basins along the Bodoquena Plateau. In the Cave Morro do Jericó the sintopy of haplogroups I and II, with a high value of divergence in this locality, indicate the presence of a secondary contact zone between T. Dali and Trichomycterus sp. 1. The presence of deep routes of groundwater flow in the South Sector of the Bodoquena Plateau, may explain the lower degree of genetic and morphological divergence between T. Dali and Trichomycterus sp. 2. The comparisons of body shape indicates different degrees of specialization, possibly related to different environmental conditions among the karst in the region. Highly troglomorphic lineages occur in southern Serra Bodoquena, where the presence currently flooded caves after a vadose phase, indicates that the isolation of ancient Trichomycterus lineages in subterranean habitats is associated with relative uplift of the region. This would be the result of the subsidence the Pantanal Basin, that is the process responsible by the current geomorphology of the region. We estimated that the underground isolation occurred during the second half of the Tertiary, when the relative uplift of the Bodoquena Plateau was accelerate

Water quality in Una River Basin – Pernambuco

This study aimed to evaluate the water quality of the lower portion of Una River Basin, Pernambuco, by means of analysis of physical, chemical and microbiological parameters. The monitoring was conducted among October 2013 and March 2014. Sampling locations were in the cities of Catende, Palmares and Água Preta, selecting three collection points in each district. Parameters analyzed: temperature, electric conductivity, dissolved oxygen, biochemical oxygen demand, turbidity, potassium, pH, total phosphorus, thermotolerant coliforms, and Escherichia Coli. The results showed the water quality in the Basin Una River is outside of CONAMA standars Resolution 357/2005 for fresh water Class II parameters: dissolved oxygen, pH, phosphorus, thermotolerant coliforms and Escherichia Coli. Potassium concentration shows the discharge of effluents from the processing of sugar cane in the hydrous body did not affect the quality of the water. The main contamination source of water was the release of domestic sewage

Pentoxifylline/Chitosan Films on Wound Healing: In Vitro/In Vivo Evaluation

This study aimed to develop films of chitosan (CSF) associated with pentoxifylline (PTX) for healing cutaneous wounds. These films were prepared at two concentrations, F1 (2.0 mg/mL) and F2 (4.0 mg/mL), and the interactions between the materials, structural characteristics, in vitro release, and morphometric aspects of skin wounds in vivo were evaluated. The formation of the CSF film with acetic acid modifies the polymeric structure, and the PTX demonstrates interaction with the CSF, in a semi-crystalline structure, for all concentrations. The release for all films was proportional to the concentration, with two phases: a fast one of ≤2 h and a slow one of >2 h, releasing 82.72 and 88.46% of the drug after 72 h, being governed by the Fickian diffusion mechanism. The wounds of the mice demonstrate a reduction of up to 60% in the area on day 2 for F2 when compared to CSF, F1, and positive control, and this characteristic of faster healing speed for F2 continues until the ninth day with wound reduction of 85%, 82%, and 90% for CSF, F1, and F2, respectively. Therefore, the combination of CSF and PTX is effective in their formation and incorporation, demonstrating that a higher concentration of PTX accelerates skin-wound reduction

Implementation of a Brazilian Cardioprotective Nutritional (BALANCE) Program for improvement on quality of diet and secondary prevention of cardiovascular events: A randomized, multicenter trial

Background: Appropriate dietary recommendations represent a key part of secondary prevention in cardiovascular disease (CVD). We evaluated the effectiveness of the implementation of a nutritional program on quality of diet, cardiovascular events, and death in patients with established CVD. Methods: In this open-label, multicenter trial conducted in 35 sites in Brazil, we randomly assigned (1:1) patients aged 45 years or older to receive either the BALANCE Program (experimental group) or conventional nutrition advice (control group). The BALANCE Program included a unique nutritional education strategy to implement recommendations from guidelines, adapted to the use of affordable and regional foods. Adherence to diet was evaluated by the modified Alternative Healthy Eating Index. The primary end point was a composite of all-cause mortality, cardiovascular death, cardiac arrest, myocardial infarction, stroke, myocardial revascularization, amputation, or hospitalization for unstable angina. Secondary end points included biochemical and anthropometric data, and blood pressure levels. Results: From March 5, 2013, to Abril 7, 2015, a total of 2534 eligible patients were randomly assigned to either the BALANCE Program group (n = 1,266) or the control group (n = 1,268) and were followed up for a median of 3.5 years. In total, 235 (9.3%) participants had been lost to follow-up. After 3 years of follow-up, mean modified Alternative Healthy Eating Index (scale 0-70) was only slightly higher in the BALANCE group versus the control group (26.2 ± 8.4 vs 24.7 ± 8.6, P <.01), mainly due to a 0.5-serving/d greater intake of fruits and of vegetables in the BALANCE group. Primary end point events occurred in 236 participants (18.8%) in the BALANCE group and in 207 participants (16.4%) in the control group (hazard ratio, 1.15; 95% CI 0.95-1.38; P =.15). Secondary end points did not differ between groups after follow-up. Conclusions: The BALANCE Program only slightly improved adherence to a healthy diet in patients with established CVD and had no significant effect on the incidence of cardiovascular events or death. © 2019 The Author