Adolescence, sexual life and reproductive planning of adolescents of Serra Pelada, Pará

The life conditions in which an adolescent develops determine his choices and influence his sexual life. The present study aimed to characterize the daily activities and sexual life of 108 adolescents aged between 11 and 15 years, living in Serra Pelada, a municipality of Curionópolis, state of Pará, through a quantitative and qualitative data analysis, distinguishing them according to gender. Results showed the strong presence of gender relations in some cases. Some relation was found between religion and sexual life only in the female sex: 58.5% of them followed some religion and 66.7% had not initiated sexual life at the age of 12 or below. When the adolescents were asked whether they had sexual intercourse with their boyfriends or girlfriends, 93.6% of the girls answered they did not, while 59.6% of the boys answered the same, showing that the girls avoid more the sexual intercourse. The great majority of the girls stated they used a contraceptive method in the first intercourse, while more than 50% of the boys said the opposite. This difference reveals that the responsibility for contraception is deemed as belonging to the female sex. Approximately 70% of the girls state they intend to marry the person with whom they are currently having sexual intercourse, while 60% of the boys say the opposite, which shows that the girls are more afraid to have children early, and more open to commitments.As condições de vida em que um adolescente se desenvolve determinam suas escolhas e influenciam sua vida sexual. O presente estudo visou caracterizar o cotidiano e vida sexual de 108 adolescentes entre 11 e 15 anos de idade, residentes em Serra Pelada, município de Curionópolis, PA, através de análise quantitativa e qualitativa de dados, diferenciando-os quanto ao gênero. Os resultados mostraram a forte presença das relações de gênero em alguns casos. Foi encontrada alguma relação entre religião e vida sexual somente no sexo feminino, em que se observa que 58,5% delas eram adeptas a alguma religião e 66,7 % não haviam iniciado a vida sexual aos 12 anos ou menos. Quando questionados se mantinham, ou não, relações sexuais enquanto namoravam, 93,6% das meninas afirmaram que não, enquanto 59,6% dos meninos disseram o mesmo, mostrando que as meninas evitam mais a relação sexual. A grande maioria das meninas afirmou ter feito uso de método para evitar filho na primeira relação, enquanto mais de 50% dos meninos afirmaram o contrário. Essa diferença reflete que a responsabilidade da contracepção é julgada como pertencente ao sexo feminino. Cerca de 70% das meninas afirmam ter a intenção de se casar com a pessoa com quem tem relação sexual atualmente, enquanto 60% dos meninos afirmam o contrário, o que mostra que as meninas se mostram mais receosas quanto a ter filho cedo, em relação aos garotos, e mostram-se mais abertas ao compromisso

The Changing Landscape for Stroke\ua0Prevention in AF: Findings From the GLORIA-AF Registry Phase 2

Background GLORIA-AF (Global Registry on Long-Term Oral Antithrombotic Treatment in Patients with Atrial Fibrillation) is a prospective, global registry program describing antithrombotic treatment patterns in patients with newly diagnosed nonvalvular atrial fibrillation at risk of stroke. Phase 2 began when dabigatran, the first non\u2013vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulant (NOAC), became available. Objectives This study sought to describe phase 2 baseline data and compare these with the pre-NOAC era collected during phase 1. Methods During phase 2, 15,641 consenting patients were enrolled (November 2011 to December 2014); 15,092 were eligible. This pre-specified cross-sectional analysis describes eligible patients\u2019 baseline characteristics. Atrial fibrillation disease characteristics, medical outcomes, and concomitant diseases and medications were collected. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics. Results Of the total patients, 45.5% were female; median age was 71 (interquartile range: 64, 78) years. Patients were from Europe (47.1%), North America (22.5%), Asia (20.3%), Latin America (6.0%), and the Middle East/Africa (4.0%). Most had high stroke risk (CHA2DS2-VASc [Congestive heart failure, Hypertension, Age  6575 years, Diabetes mellitus, previous Stroke, Vascular disease, Age 65 to 74 years, Sex category] score  652; 86.1%); 13.9% had moderate risk (CHA2DS2-VASc = 1). Overall, 79.9% received oral anticoagulants, of whom 47.6% received NOAC and 32.3% vitamin K antagonists (VKA); 12.1% received antiplatelet agents; 7.8% received no antithrombotic treatment. For comparison, the proportion of phase 1 patients (of N = 1,063 all eligible) prescribed VKA was 32.8%, acetylsalicylic acid 41.7%, and no therapy 20.2%. In Europe in phase 2, treatment with NOAC was more common than VKA (52.3% and 37.8%, respectively); 6.0% of patients received antiplatelet treatment; and 3.8% received no antithrombotic treatment. In North America, 52.1%, 26.2%, and 14.0% of patients received NOAC, VKA, and antiplatelet drugs, respectively; 7.5% received no antithrombotic treatment. NOAC use was less common in Asia (27.7%), where 27.5% of patients received VKA, 25.0% antiplatelet drugs, and 19.8% no antithrombotic treatment. Conclusions The baseline data from GLORIA-AF phase 2 demonstrate that in newly diagnosed nonvalvular atrial fibrillation patients, NOAC have been highly adopted into practice, becoming more frequently prescribed than VKA in Europe and North America. Worldwide, however, a large proportion of patients remain undertreated, particularly in Asia and North America. (Global Registry on Long-Term Oral Antithrombotic Treatment in Patients With Atrial Fibrillation [GLORIA-AF]; NCT01468701

The effect of phospholipase A2 from Crotalus durissus collilineatus on Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis infection

In this study, the effect of phospholipase A2 (PLA2) derived from Crotalus durissus collilineatus was evaluated in vitro and in vivo on experimental cutaneous leishmaniasis. The promastigote and amastigote forms treated with PLA2 presented increased growth rate. In vivo studies showed that PLA2-treated Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis promastigotes increased the size of lesions in BALB/c mice, and histopathological analysis showed numerous necrotic regions presenting a higher density of polymorphonuclear, mononuclear, and amastigote cells. Additionally, infected macrophages treated with PLA2 were able to generate prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). Cytokine quantification showed that the supernatant from infected macrophages presented moderate and high amounts of IL-2 and IL-10, respectively. However, in PLA2-treated infected macrophages, suppression of IL-2 levels occurred, but not of IL-10 levels. Observation also revealed that both the supernatant and lysate of L. (L.) amazonensis promastigotes exhibited PLA2 activity, which, in the presence of dexamethasone, showed no reduction in their activities; while glucocorticoid maintained the ability of promastigote forms to infect macrophages, which presented values similar to controls. In conclusion, the results indicate that PLA2 may be a progression factor for cutaneous leishmaniasis, since the PLA2 effect suppressed IL-2 levels and generated PGE2, an inflammatory lipid mediator

Treatment with triterpenic fraction purified from Baccharis uncinella leaves inhibits Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis spreading and improves Th1 immune response in infected mice

The current medications used to treat leishmaniasis have many side effects for patients; in addition, some cases of the disease are refractory to treatment. Therefore, the search for new leishmanicidal compounds is indispensable. Recently, it was demonstrated that oleanolic- and ursolic-containing fraction from Baccharis uncinella leaves eliminated the promastigote and amastigote forms of Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis and L. (Viannia) braziliensis without causing toxic effects for J774 macrophages. Thus, the aim of the present work was to characterize the therapeutic effect of the triterpenic fraction in L. (L.) amazonensis-infected BALB/c mice. Oleanolic- and ursolic acid-containing fraction was extracted from B. uncinella leaves using organic solvents and chromatographic procedures. L. (L.) amazonensis-infected BALB/c mice were treated intraperitoneally with triterpenic fraction during five consecutive days with 1.0 and 5.0 mg/kg of triterpenic fraction, or with 10.0 mg/kg of amphotericin B drug. Groups of mice treated with the triterpenic fraction, presented with decreased lesion size and low parasitism of the skin-both of which were associated with high amounts of interleukin-12 and interferon gamma. the curative effect of this fraction was similar to amphotericin B-treated mice; however, the final dose, required to eliminate amastigotes, was lesser than amphotericin B. Moreover, triterpenic fraction did not cause microscopic alterations in liver, spleen, heart, lung, and kidney of experimental groups. This work suggests that this fraction possesses compounds that are characterized by leishmanicidal and immunomodulatory activities. From this perspective, the triterpenic fraction can be explored as a new therapeutic agent for use against American Tegumentar Leishmaniasis.Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)Univ São Paulo, Fac Med, Dept Patol, Lab Patol Molestias Infeciosas, BR-01246000 São Paulo, BrazilUniversidade Federal de São Paulo, Dept Ciencias Exatas & Terra, BR-09972270 São Paulo, BrazilUniv Fed ABC, Ctr Ciencias Nat & Humanas, BR-09210180 São Paulo, BrazilUniversidade Federal de São Paulo, Dept Ciencias Exatas & Terra, BR-09972270 São Paulo, BrazilFAPESP: 2012/03903-9: HCFMUSP-LIM50Web of Scienc

Microsporidiosis in a Brazilian University Hospital: case report Microsporidíase em Hospital Universitário no Brasil: relato de caso

This is the report on a patient with chronic diarrhea caused by microsporidia. He is married, infected with HIV and has low CD4 cell count. The diagnosis was established through stool parasite search using concentration methods and Gram - chromotrope staining technique. Ileum biopsy was also performed in this case. The etiological diagnosis may be established in a clinical laboratory, by chromotrope staining technique in routine microscopic examination of stool specimens.<br>Este é o relato de caso de doente com diarréia crônica causada por Microsporidia. O doente era homem, casado, infectado com HIV e tinha baixa taxa de linfócitos CD4+. O diagnóstico foi feito em exame de fezes utilizando métodos de concentração e técnica de coloração de Gram-Chromotrope. Biópsia de íleo também foi realizada neste caso. O diagnóstico etiológico pode ser feito em laboratório clínico, por técnicas de coloração baseada em cromotrope na rotina da observação microscópica direta

Evaluation of anti-inflammatory activity of derivatives from aerial parts of Baccharis uncinella

Context: Species of Baccharis exhibit antibiotic, antiseptic, and wound-healing properties, and have been used in the traditional medicine of South America for the treatment of inflammation, headaches, diabetes, and hepatobiliary disorders. Objective: To investigate the anti-inflammatory activity of organic phases from EtOH extract of the aerial parts of Baccharis uncinella DC (Asteraceae). Materials and methods: The crude EtOH extract from the aerial parts of B. uncinella was subjected to partition procedures and the corresponding CH(2)Cl(2) and EtOAc phases were subjected to several chromatographic separation procedures. Thus, these phases and their purified compounds were assayed for evaluation of anti-inflammatory activity. Results: The CH(2)Cl(2) phase from EtOH extract from B. uncinella contained two triterpenoids (oleanolic and ursolic acids) and one flavonoid (pectolinaringenin), whereas the respective EtOAc phase showed to be composed mainly by two phenylpropanoid derivatives (caffeic and ferulic acids). The CH(2)Cl(2) and EtOAc phases as well as their isolated compounds exhibited anti-inflammatory effects against inflammatory reactions induced by phospholipase A2 (from Crotalus durissus terrificus venom) and by carrageenan. Discussion and conclusion: The results suggested that the components obtained from partition phases of EtOH extract of B. uncinella could represent lead molecules for the development of anti-inflammatory agents. Additionally, the results confirmed the use of Baccharis genus in the traditional medicine of South America for the treatment of inflammation and other heath disorders. To date, the present work describes for the first time the anti-inflammatory effects of compounds isolated from B. uncinella.FAPESPMackPesquisaUniversidade de São Paulo - LIM-50 HC-FM-USPCNP

Anti-leishmanial effects of purified compounds from aerial parts of Baccharis uncinella C. DC. (Asteraceae)

Species of Baccharis exhibit antibiotic, antiseptic, wound-healing, and anti-protozoal properties, and have been used in the traditional medicine of South America for the treatment of several diseases. In the present work, the fractionation of EtOH extract from aerial parts of Baccharis uncinella indicated that the isolated compounds caffeic acid and pectolinaringenin showed inhibitory activity against Leishmania (L.) amazonensis and Leishmania (V.) braziliensis promastigotes, respectively. Moreover, amastigote forms of both species were highly sensible to the fraction composed by oleanolic + ursolic acids and pectolinaringenin. Caffeic acid also inhibited amastigote forms of L. (L.) amazonensis, but this effect was weak in L. (V.) braziliensis amastigotes. The treatment of infected macrophages with these compounds did not alter the levels of nitrates, indicating a direct effect of the compounds on amastigote stages. The results presented herein suggest that the active components from B. uncinella can be important to the design of new drugs against American tegumentar leishmaniases

Anti-leishmanial effects of purified compounds from aerial parts of Baccharis uncinella C. DC. (Asteraceae)

Species of Baccharis exhibit antibiotic, antiseptic, wound-healing, and anti-protozoal properties, and have been used in the traditional medicine of South America for the treatment of several diseases. in the present work, the fractionation of EtOH extract from aerial parts of Baccharis uncinella indicated that the isolated compounds caffeic acid and pectolinaringenin showed inhibitory activity against Leishmania (L.) amazonensis and Leishmania (V.) braziliensis promastigotes, respectively. Moreover, amastigote forms of both species were highly sensible to the fraction composed by oleanolic + ursolic acids and pectolinaringenin. Caffeic acid also inhibited amastigote forms of L. (L.) amazonensis, but this effect was weak in L. (V.) braziliensis amastigotes. the treatment of infected macrophages with these compounds did not alter the levels of nitrates, indicating a direct effect of the compounds on amastigote stages. the results presented herein suggest that the active components from B. uncinella can be important to the design of new drugs against American tegumentar leishmaniases.Univ São Paulo, Dept Patol, Lab Patol Molestias Infecciosas, Fac Med, BR-01246903 São Paulo, BrazilUniv Estadual Paulista, BR-11330900 Sao Vicente, SP, BrazilUniv Presbiteriana Mackenzie, Lab Quim Prod Nat, Ctr Ciencias & Humanidades, BR-01302907 São Paulo, BrazilUniversidade Federal de São Paulo, Dept Ciencias Exatas & Terra, BR-09972270 Diadema, SP, BrazilUniv Presbiteriana Mackenzie, Ctr Ciencias Biol & Saude, BR-01302907 São Paulo, BrazilUniversidade Federal de São Paulo, Dept Ciencias Exatas & Terra, BR-09972270 Diadema, SP, BrazilWeb of Scienc