Il recepimento italiano della Direttiva 2004/80/CE. Brevi note di carattere pratico relative all’indennizzo delle vittime di reato

La Direttiva 2004/80/CE stabilisce che gli Stati membri dell’Unione Europea mettano in atto sistemi normativi volti a prevedere forme di indennizzo a favore delle vittime di reati violenti e dolosi, quando l’autore del fatto criminale sia sconosciuto o insolvente. Il presente articolo pone l’attenzione sul recepimento nell’ordinamento italiano della norma europea, operato con la Legge n. 122 del 6 luglio 2016,evidenziando gli aspetti critici e le problematiche sollevati dalla dottrina e dalla giurisprudenza. Appare, infatti, concorde la dottrina nel ritenere che tale norma rappresenta una lettura riduzionistica della disciplina europea. I punti critici della legge italiana sono sintetizzabili in particolare: nella generale restrizione del concetto di indennizzo (inteso prevalentemente come rimborso spese), nella limitazione dei reati per i quali è prevista la possibilità di ottenere un ristoro e nelle condizioni previste in capo alla vittima per accedere al beneficio. La Directive n°2004/80/CE prévoit que les États membres mettent en vigueur les dispositions législatives, réglementaires et administratives nécessaires pour indemniser les victimes de délits violents et intentionnels lorsque le contrevenant ne peut pas être identifié ou est insolvable. Cet article porte sur l’intégration de cette Directive dans le système légal italien, par la Loi n°122 du 6 juillet 2016, mettant en relief les aspects les plus critiques et les problèmes envisagés par la littérature et la jurisprudence. La littérature sur le sujet semble, en effet, indiquer que cette loi est réductionniste en comparaison avec la Directive européenne. Les points critiques de la loi italienne peuvent être résumés comme suit : la restriction du concept d’indemnisation (dans la loi italienne il ne couvre que les dépenses) ; le nombre restreint de délits pour lesquels l’indemnisation est prévue ; les caractéristiques de la victime nécessaires à l’obtention de l’indemnisation. The Directive no. 2004/80/CE stipulates that Member States shall bring into force the laws about compensation to violent and intentional crime victims where the offender cannot be identified or is insolvent. This article focuses on the incorporation of this Directive into the Italian legal system, through the law no. 122 of 6 July 2016, highlighting the most critical aspects and the problems unveiled by literature and justice case-law. The literature seems to agree that such a law is reductionist in comparison with the European regulation. The critical points of the Italian law may be summarised as follows: the restriction of the concept of compensation (in the Italian law it is intended as a mere cover expenditure); the few number of crimes for which a compensation can be envisaged; the underlying conditions of the victims for asking for the compensation

A unified approach for static and dynamic fracture failure in solids and granular materials by a particle method

The material structure at the microscale reveals the particulate nature of solids. By exploiting the discrete aspect of materials, the so-called particle methods developed and applied to the simulation of solids and liquids have attracted the attention of several researchers in the field of computational mechanics. In the present paper, a particle method based on a suitable force potential is proposed to describe the nature and intensity of the forces existing between particles of either the same solid or different colliding solids. The formulation applies to problems involving both granular materials and solids interacting with granular materials. The above approach is applied to simulate different problems dealing with the 3D dynamic fracture and failure of solids

Snow satellite images for calibration of snow dynamic in a continuous distributed hydrological model

International audienceThe snow accumulation and melt processes are well known to play an important role on the river flow regime, in particular this is enhanced for basin with complex topography where the snow dynamic is strongly affected by hillslope exposition. This paper presents a simplified numerical model for snow dynamic simulation based on air temperature thresholds that rule the snow melt and accumulation processes implemented into a continuous distributed hydrological model for hydrograph simulations at basin scale. The possibility to calibrate these temperature thresholds from snow cover maps derived from NOAA satellite images is discussed. Snow covered pixels are classified according to a procedure based on aspect and elevation of each pixel, that allows to identify snow covered pixels also in shadowed areas. Snow model performance is proved at local and basin scale. The former shows a good agreement between modelled snow dynamic and observed snow height data at the Antrona station in the Toce basin; the latter shows agreement between observed and simulated hydrographs for the three gauge stations of Toce, Ticino and Maggia rivers

Elevation based correction of snow coverage retrieved from satellite images to improve model calibration

reserved4The most widely used method for snow dynamic simulation relies on temperature index approach, that makes snow melt and accumulation processes depend on air temperature related parameters. A recently used approach to calibrate these parameters is to compare model results with snow coverage retrieved from satellite images. In area with complex topography and heterogeneous land cover, snow coverage may be affected by the presence of shaded area or dense forest that make pixels to be falsely classified as uncovered. These circumstances may have, in turn, an influence on calibration of model parameters. In this paper we propose a simple procedure to correct snow coverage retrieved from satellite images. We show that using raw snow coverage to calibrate snow model may lead to parameter values out of the range accepted by literature, so that the timing of snow dynamics measured at two ground stations is not correctly simulated. Moreover, when the snow model is implemented into a continuous distributed hydrological model, we show that calibration against corrected snow coverage reduces the error in the simulation of river flow in an Alpine catchment.C. Corbari; G. Ravazzani; J. Martinelli; M. ManciniCorbari, Chiara; Ravazzani, Giovanni; J., Martinelli; Mancini, Marc

Particle method approach in mechanics of solids and granular materials

It is well recognized that matter has a discrete nature, but this aspect is usually considered only at the nano and microscale, on the other hand at the meso and macroscale levels compact matter is represented with a continuous model. At the macroscopic scales can be usefully adopted a discrete model of solids, without losing accuracy in the description of the main mechanical involved phenomena; when a multiscale study of solids is necessary the discrete approach, tailored to the scale of observation of interest, allows complete and exhaustive descriptions of many phenomena. This PhD thesis presents a general computational particle method suitable for analyzing the dynamic behaviour of compact solids as well as granular matters. The particle interaction is modelled through proper force functionals related to the nature of the material being analyzed (solid, granular or their interaction); such an approach is also adopted for the boundary and for the particle-particle contacts, so a unified mechanical model can be simply adopted for the simulation of a very wide class of mechanical problems under static or dynamic conditions. In particular the failure of brittle solids under dynamic dynamic impact can be easily predicted, avoiding the necessity of complex remeshing operations, stress field enrichment or the introduction of discontinuous displacement field, as typically required by numerical continuous approaches such as the finite element method. Moreover the discrete approach allows to simply model mechanical problems involving large displacements, friction or frictionless interactions with elastic boundaries, fragmentation and clustering of the failed material as well as cohesion in particle-like matters. Some examples aimed at demonstrating the versatility of the developed approach are finally presented: in particular the problems involving the failure of continuous solid elements under impact loading, confined particle flows and solid-granular materials interaction are simulated through the proposed approach and the related results are critically discussed and, when available, compared with literature data

Physiologie respiratoire, comportementale et morphofonctionnelle des ostracodes podocopes et myodocopes et d'un amphipode caprellide profond. Stratégies adaptives et implications évolutives.

Sur Terre, l'augmentation de la pression partielle d'O2 (PO2) de »1-3 à 21 kPa (valeur actuelle) a accompagné l'explosion de la vie au Cambrien, il y a plus de 500 millions d'années. Comprendre comment les premiers animaux ont pu s'adapter à ce changement majeur est un challenge important. Certains animaux, comme les ostracodes ont peu ou pas évolué depuis cette époque. Crustacés de petite taille (0,5 - 3 mm), ils vivent dans le sédiment, et/ou la colonne d'eau. Nous avons étudié la physiologie respiratoire d'ostracodes podocopes sans branchies, ni système circulatoire et d'ostracodes myodocopes, équipés de branchies et d'un système circulatoire. Nous montrons que lorsque l'oxygénation de l'eau varie, ces animaux sont incapables d'adapter leur ventilation et/ou leur activité cardiaque contrairement aux crustacés, poissons et mammifères actuels qui maintiennent ainsi une PO2 tissulaire originelle à 1-3 kPa. Par contre, ils adoptent une stratégie comportementale en migrant dans les sédiments (podocopes) où en fabriquant des nids (myodocopes), qui leur permettent de réguler indirectement l'oxygénation de leurs cellules. Les caprellidés, crustacés plus récents, colonisent à quelques millimètres près le même biotope. Nous les avons observés pour la 1ère fois vivant et montrés que, positionnés dans une eau où PO2 » 15 kPa, ils possèdent des branchies peu favorables aux échanges gazeux alors qu'O2 et CO2 doivent diffuser principalement à travers leur corps. C'est vraisemblablement l'intensité de leurs mouvements qui contrôle leurs échanges gazeux et l'oxygénation de leurs tissus. Deux types d'ostracodes sont utilisés en paléocéanographie en tant que paléomarqueurs d'oxygénation des fonds marins. Nous n'avons trouvé aucune base physiologique entre taille des vestibules de Krithes et stratégie d'oxygénation de l'animal. Par contre, les Cytherellidae possèderaient des caractéristiques ventilatoire et morpho-fonctionnelles qui peuvent rendre compte d'une résistance accrue aux faibles oxygénations de l'eau.On Earth, 500 million years ago, an O2 rise from a partial pressure (PO2) of »1-3 to 21 kPa (present value) accompanied the life explosion in the lower Cambrian. To understand how the first animals faced this major change is a fundamental challenge. Some animals, such as ostracods have been established since that time. They are minute crustaceans (0.5-3 mm), which are either living in the sediment and/or the water column. We studied the respiratory physiology of Podocopid ostracods, which lack gills and heart, and Myodocopid ostracods, equipped with gills, heart and circulatory system. We show that when water PO2 varies, these animals are unable to adapt their ventilation and/or cardiac activity contrary to modern crustaceans, fish and mammals that maintain an original tissue PO2 of »1-3 kPa. However, they regulate their tissue O2 status by behavioural adaptation: Podocops adjust their tissue O2 status by migrating to sediment layers where the pore water PO2 is 3-5 kPa; Myodocops build nests where they are rebreathing in an hypoxic environment during daytime. Caprellids are more recent crustaceans colonizing the same biotope at water PO2 »15 kPa. We present the 1st report on living animals. They have small gills unfavourable to gas exchange whereas O2 and CO2 must diffuse through their thin body wall. We suggest that their body movement likely controls gas exchanges. Finally, we studied two types of ostracods used in paleoceanography as paleo-markers for bottom water oxygenation. We did not find any physiological evidence for a direct relationship between Krithe vestibule size and O2-supply mechanisms. However, Cytherellidae possess ventilatory and morphofunctional characteristics which could explain an increased resistance to low O2 by comparison to other ostracods

Apresentação

Apresentação do Dossiê: Desenvolvimento Rural Sustentáve

Vernacular theology : Dominican sermons and audience in late medieval Italy

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