Il recepimento italiano della Direttiva 2004/80/CE. Brevi note di carattere pratico relative all’indennizzo delle vittime di reato

La Direttiva 2004/80/CE stabilisce che gli Stati membri dell’Unione Europea mettano in atto sistemi normativi volti a prevedere forme di indennizzo a favore delle vittime di reati violenti e dolosi, quando l’autore del fatto criminale sia sconosciuto o insolvente. Il presente articolo pone l’attenzione sul recepimento nell’ordinamento italiano della norma europea, operato con la Legge n. 122 del 6 luglio 2016,evidenziando gli aspetti critici e le problematiche sollevati dalla dottrina e dalla giurisprudenza. Appare, infatti, concorde la dottrina nel ritenere che tale norma rappresenta una lettura riduzionistica della disciplina europea. I punti critici della legge italiana sono sintetizzabili in particolare: nella generale restrizione del concetto di indennizzo (inteso prevalentemente come rimborso spese), nella limitazione dei reati per i quali è prevista la possibilità di ottenere un ristoro e nelle condizioni previste in capo alla vittima per accedere al beneficio. La Directive n°2004/80/CE prévoit que les États membres mettent en vigueur les dispositions législatives, réglementaires et administratives nécessaires pour indemniser les victimes de délits violents et intentionnels lorsque le contrevenant ne peut pas être identifié ou est insolvable. Cet article porte sur l’intégration de cette Directive dans le système légal italien, par la Loi n°122 du 6 juillet 2016, mettant en relief les aspects les plus critiques et les problèmes envisagés par la littérature et la jurisprudence. La littérature sur le sujet semble, en effet, indiquer que cette loi est réductionniste en comparaison avec la Directive européenne. Les points critiques de la loi italienne peuvent être résumés comme suit : la restriction du concept d’indemnisation (dans la loi italienne il ne couvre que les dépenses) ; le nombre restreint de délits pour lesquels l’indemnisation est prévue ; les caractéristiques de la victime nécessaires à l’obtention de l’indemnisation. The Directive no. 2004/80/CE stipulates that Member States shall bring into force the laws about compensation to violent and intentional crime victims where the offender cannot be identified or is insolvent. This article focuses on the incorporation of this Directive into the Italian legal system, through the law no. 122 of 6 July 2016, highlighting the most critical aspects and the problems unveiled by literature and justice case-law. The literature seems to agree that such a law is reductionist in comparison with the European regulation. The critical points of the Italian law may be summarised as follows: the restriction of the concept of compensation (in the Italian law it is intended as a mere cover expenditure); the few number of crimes for which a compensation can be envisaged; the underlying conditions of the victims for asking for the compensation

Snow satellite images for calibration of snow dynamic in a continuous distributed hydrological model

International audienceThe snow accumulation and melt processes are well known to play an important role on the river flow regime, in particular this is enhanced for basin with complex topography where the snow dynamic is strongly affected by hillslope exposition. This paper presents a simplified numerical model for snow dynamic simulation based on air temperature thresholds that rule the snow melt and accumulation processes implemented into a continuous distributed hydrological model for hydrograph simulations at basin scale. The possibility to calibrate these temperature thresholds from snow cover maps derived from NOAA satellite images is discussed. Snow covered pixels are classified according to a procedure based on aspect and elevation of each pixel, that allows to identify snow covered pixels also in shadowed areas. Snow model performance is proved at local and basin scale. The former shows a good agreement between modelled snow dynamic and observed snow height data at the Antrona station in the Toce basin; the latter shows agreement between observed and simulated hydrographs for the three gauge stations of Toce, Ticino and Maggia rivers

Elevation based correction of snow coverage retrieved from satellite images to improve model calibration

reserved4The most widely used method for snow dynamic simulation relies on temperature index approach, that makes snow melt and accumulation processes depend on air temperature related parameters. A recently used approach to calibrate these parameters is to compare model results with snow coverage retrieved from satellite images. In area with complex topography and heterogeneous land cover, snow coverage may be affected by the presence of shaded area or dense forest that make pixels to be falsely classified as uncovered. These circumstances may have, in turn, an influence on calibration of model parameters. In this paper we propose a simple procedure to correct snow coverage retrieved from satellite images. We show that using raw snow coverage to calibrate snow model may lead to parameter values out of the range accepted by literature, so that the timing of snow dynamics measured at two ground stations is not correctly simulated. Moreover, when the snow model is implemented into a continuous distributed hydrological model, we show that calibration against corrected snow coverage reduces the error in the simulation of river flow in an Alpine catchment.C. Corbari; G. Ravazzani; J. Martinelli; M. ManciniCorbari, Chiara; Ravazzani, Giovanni; J., Martinelli; Mancini, Marc

Recent advances in femtosecond laser writing inside transparent materials

Modification of transparent materials with ultrafast lasers has attracted considerable interest due to a wide range of applications including laser surgery, integrated optics, optical data storage, 3D microand nano-structuring [1].T Three different types of material modifications can be induced with ultrafast laser irradiation in the bulk of a transparent material, silica glass in particular: an isotropic refractive index change (type 1); a form birefringence associated with self-assembled nanogratings and negative refractive index change (type 2) [2,3]; and a void (type 3). In fused silica the transition from type 1 to type 2 and finally to type 3 modification is observed with an increase of fluence. Recently, a remarkable phenomenon in ultrafast laser processing of transparent materials has been reported manifesting itself as a change in material modification by reversing the writing direction [4]. The phenomenon has been interpreted in terms of anisotropic plasma heating by a tilted front of the ultrashort laser pulse. Moreover a change in structural modification has been demonstrated in glass by controlling the direction of pulse front tilt, achieving a calligraphic style of laser writing which is similar in appearance to that inked with the bygone quill pen [5]. It has also been a common belief that in a homogeneous medium, the photosensitivity and corresponding light-induced material modifications do not change on the reversal of light propagation direction. More recently it have observed that in a non-centrosymmetric medium, modification of the material can be different when light propagates in opposite directions (KaYaSo effect) [6]. Moreover a new phenomenon of ultrafast light blade, representing itself the first evidence of anisotropic sensitivity of isotropic medium to femtosecond laser radiation has been recently discovered [7]. We attribute these new phenomena to the anisotropy of the light-matter interaction caused by space-time couplings in ultrashort light pulses. We anticipate that the observed phenomena will open new opportunities in laser material processing, laser surgery, optical manipulation and data storage

Advances and prospects of frequency doublers based on periodically poled silica fibres

Record high efficient frequency doublers in periodically poled silica fibres are demonstrated for light generation at 532 nm and 775 nm. The onset of nonlinear conductivity is shown to limit the maximum χ(2) in glass

Assessing crop coefficients for natural vegetated areas using satellite data and eddy covariance stations

The Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) method for potential evapotranspiration assessment is based on the crop coefficient, which allows one to relate the reference evapotranspiration of well irrigated grass to the potential evapotranspiration of specific crops. The method was originally developed for cultivated species based on lysimeter measurements of potential evapotranspiration. Not many applications to natural vegetated areas exist due to the lack of available data for these species. In this paper we investigate the potential of using evapotranspiration measurements acquired by micrometeorological stations for the definition of crop coefficient functions of natural vegetated areas and extrapolation to ungauged sites through remotely sensed data. Pastures, deciduous and evergreen forests have been considered and lower crop coefficient values are found with respect to FAO data

Tailoring second-harmonic generation in birefringent poled fiber via Twist

We predict theoretically and demonstrate experimentally the ability to generate and control the strengths of various second-harmonic signals in birefringent poled fiber. This is done by simply twisting the fiber

Comparison of novel liquid electrodes for silica optical fiber thermal poling

We report experimental analysis of optical fibers thermally poled over long lengths using novel types of internal liquid electrodes to generate effective second-order nonlinearities. Our analysis includes transmission losses, depletion region formation, SHG at telecom pump wavelengths

All-fiber fourth and fifth harmonic generation from a single source

All-fiber fourth and fifth harmonic generation from a single source is demonstrated experimentally and analyzed theoretically. Light from a fully fiberized high power master oscillator power amplifier is launched into a periodically poled silica fiber generating the second harmonic. The output is then sent through two optical microfibers that generate the third and fourth harmonic, respectively, via four wave mixing (FWM). For a large range of pump wavelengths in the silica optical transmission window, phase matched FWM can be achieved in the microfibers at two different diameters with relatively wide fabrication tolerances of up to ±5 nm. Our simulations indicate that by optimizing the second harmonic generation efficiency and the diameters and lengths of the two microfibers, conversion efficiencies to the fourth harmonic in excess of 25% are theoretically achievable