494 research outputs found
Discharge estimation combining flow routing and occasional measurements of velocity
A new procedure is proposed for estimating river discharge hydrographs during flood events, using only water level data at a single gauged site, as well as 1-D shallow water modelling and occasional maximum surface flow velocity measurements. One-dimensional diffusive hydraulic model
is used for routing the recorded stage hydrograph in the channel reach considering zero-diffusion downstream boundary condition. Based on synthetic tests concerning a broad prismatic channel, the “suitable” reach length is chosen in order to minimize the effect of the approximated downstream
boundary condition on the estimation of the upstream discharge hydrograph. The Manning’s roughness coefficient is calibrated by using occasional instantaneous surface velocity
measurements during the rising limb of flood that are used to estimate instantaneous discharges by adopting, in the flow area, a two-dimensional velocity distribution model. Several historical events recorded in three gauged sites along the upper
Tiber River, wherein reliable rating curves are available, have been used for the validation. The outcomes of the analysis
can be summarized as follows: (1) the criterion adopted for selecting the “suitable” channel length based on synthetic
test studies has proved to be reliable for field applications to three gauged sites. Indeed, for each event a downstream
reach length not more than 500m is found to be sufficient, for a good performances of the hydraulic model, thereby enabling the drastic reduction of river cross-sections data; (2)
the procedure for Manning’s roughness coefficient calibration allowed for high performance in discharge estimation
just considering the observed water levels and occasional measurements of maximum surface flow velocity during the
Correspondence to: G. Corato ([email protected]) rising limb of flood. Indeed, errors in the peak discharge
magnitude, for the optimal calibration, were found not exceeding 5% for all events observed in the three investigated
gauged sections, while the Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency was, on average, greater than 0.95. Therefore, the proposed procedure
well lend itself to be applied for: (1) the extrapolation of rating curve over the field of velocity measurements (2) discharge estimations in different cross sections during the same flood event using occasional surface flow velocity measures
carried out, for instance, by hand-held radar sensors
Discharge estimation in open channels by means of water level hydrograph analysis
A new methodology, based on the synchronous measurement of stage hydrographs in two river sections located some kilometers from each other, was developed to estimate the discharge hydrograph in the upstream section. The methodology is based on the one-parameter calibration of a numerical flow routing algorithm, solving the Saint-Venant equations in diffusive or complete form. The methodology was validated using results of laboratory experiments carried out at the Polytechnic of Bari University. A known discharge hydrograph was generated in the upstream tank of a rectangular flume, where two water level sensors were located. Two different bed materials have been used, to account for different roughness coefficients. Eight measured discharge hydrographs have been compared with the hydrographs computed using both a diffusive and a fully dynamic model. The diffusive model provides a good estimate of the measured discharge in the experiments with the highest roughness value
Integrazione di metodologie dirette ed indirette per la stima degli idrogrammi di piena in alvei naturali
Le metodologie attualmente disponibili per la misura di pieno campo delle portate possono essere classificate in base al tipo di sensore utilizzato ed al numero delle stazioni idrometriche. Per ognuna delle possibili tipologie vengono presentate le tecniche di analisi più recenti e delineati possibili sviluppi futuri. Viene quindi introdotta una nuova metodologia, basata sull’integrazione di misure dirette ed indirette. Nell’approccio proposto la portata viene calcolata come valore al contorno di monte di un modello di propagazione 1D a cui vengono assegnati i tiranti di monte quale condizione misurata. Il modello viene calibrato attraverso sporadiche misure istantanee di velocità , consentendo di pervenire ad una registrazione continua delle portate mediante l’ausilio delle sole osservazioni dei tiranti in una sola stazione di misura. L’approccio è validato attraverso serie storiche di tiranti e di portate misurate in una stazione idrometrica del Fiume Tevere
Analysis of dynamic mechanical response in torsion
We investigate the dynamic response of industrial rubbers (styrene-butadiene random copolymers, SBR) in torsion and compare against common small amplitude oscillatory shear measurements by using a torsion rectangular fixture, a modified torsion cylindrical fixture, and a conventional parallel plate fixture, respectively, in two different rheometers (ARES 2kFRTN1 from TA Instruments, USA and MCR 702 from Anton Paar-Physica, Austria). The effects of specimen geometry (length-to-width aspect ratio) on storage modulus and level of clamping are investigated. For cylindrical specimens undergoing torsional deformation, we find that geometry and clamping barely affect the shear moduli, and the measurements essentially coincide with those using parallel plates. In contrast, a clear dependence of the storage modulus on the aspect ratio is detected for specimens having rectangular cross section. The empirical correction used routinely in this test is based on geometrical factors and can account for clamping effects, but works only for aspect ratios above a threshold value of 1.4. By employing a finite element analysis, we perform a parametric study of the effects of the aspect ratio in the cross-sectional stress distribution and the linear viscoelastic torsional response. We propose a new, improved empirical equation for obtaining accurate moduli values in torsion at different aspect ratios, whose general validity is demonstrated in both rheometers. These results should provide a guideline for measurements with different elastomers, for which comparison with dynamic oscillatory tests may not be possible due to wall slip issues
Doxorubicin and congo red effectiveness on prion infectivity in golden Syrian hamster
The effect of doxorubicin and Congo Red on prion protein (PrP) infectivity in experimental scrapie was studied to better understand the effect of these compounds in prion diseases and to establish whether a dose-response correlation exists for Congo Red. This was performed in order to test the effectiveness of compounds that may easily be used in human prion diseases. Brain homogenate containing membrane bound PrPSc monomers was used as inoculum and was previously incubated with doxorubicin 10(-3) M and with increasing concentrations of Congo Red ranging from 10(-7) to 10(-2) M. This study shows for the first time that doxorubicin, and confirms that Congo Red, may interact with pathological PrP monomers modifying their infectious properties. Pre-incubation of infected brain homogenate with Congo Red resulted in prolonged incubation time and survival, independently of Congo Red concentration (p<0.05). Doxorubicin and Congo Red effects do not depend upon interaction with PrP amyloid material
Beam Test Results of the BTeV Silicon Pixel Detector
The results of the BTeV silicon pixel detector beam test carried out at
Fermilab in 1999-2000 are reported. The pixel detector spatial resolution has
been studied as a function of track inclination, sensor bias, and readout
threshold.Comment: 8 pages of text, 8 figures, Proceedings paper of Pixel 2000:
International Workshop on Semiconductor Pixel Detectors for Particles and
X-Rays, Genova, June 5-8, 200
Performance of prototype BTeV silicon pixel detectors in a high energy pion beam
The silicon pixel vertex detector is a key element of the BTeV spectrometer.
Sensors bump-bonded to prototype front-end devices were tested in a high energy
pion beam at Fermilab. The spatial resolution and occupancies as a function of
the pion incident angle were measured for various sensor-readout combinations.
The data are compared with predictions from our Monte Carlo simulation and very
good agreement is found.Comment: 24 pages, 20 figure
Beam Test of BTeV Pixel Detectors
The silicon pixel vertex detector is one of the key elements of the BTeV
spectrometer. Detector prototypes were tested in a beam at Fermilab. We report
here on the measured spatial resolution as a function of the incident angles
for different sensor-readout electronics combinations. We compare the results
with predictions from our Monte Carlo simulation.Comment: 7 pages, 5 figures, Invited talk given by J.C. Wang at "Vertex 2000,
9th International Workshop on Vertex Detectors", Michigan, Sept 10-15, 2000.
To be published in NIM
Conformable Nanowire-in-Nanofiber Hybrids for Low-Threshold Optical Gain in the Ultraviolet
The miniaturization of diagnostic devices that exploit optical detection schemes requires the design of light sources combining small size, high performance for effective excitation of chromophores, and mechanical flexibility for easy coupling to components with complex and nonplanar shapes. Here, ZnO nanowire-in-fiber hybrids with internal architectural order are introduced, exhibiting a combination of polarized stimulated emission, low propagation losses of light modes, and structural flexibility. Ultrafast transient absorption experiments on the electrospun material show optical gain which gives rise to amplified spontaneous emission with a threshold lower than the value found in films. These systems are highly flexible and can conveniently conform to curved surfaces, which makes them appealing active elements for various device platforms, such as bendable lasers, optical networks, and sensors, as well as for application in bioimaging, photo-cross-linking, and optogenetics
Adiabatic evolution of a coupled-qubit Hamiltonian
We present a general method for studying coupled qubits driven by
adiabatically changing external parameters. Extended calculations are provided
for a two-bit Hamiltonian whose eigenstates can be used as logical states for a
quantum CNOT gate. From a numerical analysis of the stationary Schroedinger
equation we find a set of parameters suitable for representing CNOT, while from
a time-dependent study the conditions for adiabatic evolution are determined.
Specializing to a concrete physical system involving SQUIDs, we determine
reasonable parameters for experimental purposes. The dissipation for SQUIDs is
discussed by fitting experimental data. The low dissipation obtained supports
the idea that adiabatic operations could be performed on a time scale shorter
than the decoherence time.Comment: 10 pages, 4 figures, to be pub.in Phys Rev
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