More People But Less Mind: How Number Affects Mind Perception and Decisions to Harm

Most moral codes agree that harming another person is wrong. However, instances in which people cause widespread harm abound. One reason for this discrepancy between moral values and behavior may be that people have difficulty imagining groups of people experiencing suffering. In this research, I first propose that people sometimes harm groups more readily than individuals. Second I propose that greater harm for groups (versus individuals) may be driven by the perception that groups are less capable of mentally experiencing sensations such as pleasure and pain. In a Preliminary Study I tested whether people are more likely to harm many than one when the targets are outgroup members. Contrary to hypotheses, participants were more likely to harm one than many regardless of group membership. Next, in Study 1, I examined whether people perceive mind differently in groups of people as compared to individuals from those groups. As predicted, across 19 categories, groups were perceived as having less mental capacity for experience than individuals. Study 2 extended these findings to examine whether reduced perceptions of experience among groups is driven by cues to being a group and to evaluate implications for decisions to harm. Results revealed that participants attributed less experience to a group described as a single entity as compared to a group described as a collection of individuals, or an individual. Interestingly, however, participants were most likely to harm the group described as a collection of individuals, and perceptions of experience did not mediate decisions to harm. Results suggest that people sometimes are more likely to harm many than one, and that groups are attributed less of a capacity to experience than individuals. Future research should explore the mechanisms behind these seemingly independent effects.Doctor of Philosoph

Coordinated Speech Therapy, Physiotherapy, and Pharmaceutical Care Telehealth for People with Parkinson Disease in Rural Communities: An Exploratory, 8-Week Cohort Study for Feasibility, Safety, and Signal of Efficacy

Introduction: The potential for coordinated, multidisciplinary telehealth to help connect people with Parkinson disease (PD) in rural areas to PD specialists is crucial in optimizing care. Therefore, this study aimed to test the feasibility, safety, and signal of efficacy of a coordinated telehealth program, consisting of speech therapy, physiotherapy, and pharmaceutical care, for people with PD living in some rural US communities. Methods: Fifteen individuals with PD living in rural Wyoming and Nevada, USA, participated in this single-cohort, 8-week pilot study. Participants were assessed before and after 8 weeks of coordinated, one-on-one telehealth using the following outcomes: (1) feasibility: session attendance and withdrawal rate; (2) safety: adverse events; and (3) signal of efficacy: Communication Effectiveness Survey, acoustic data (intensity, duration, work (intensity times duration)), Parkinson’s Fatigue Scale, 30 second Sit-to-Stand test, Parkinson’s Disease Questionnaire – 39, Movement Disorder Society Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale – Part III, and medication adherence. Results: Average attendance was greater than 85% for all participants. There were no serious adverse events and only nine minor events during treatment sessions (0.9% of all treatment sessions had a participant report of an adverse event); all nine cases resolved without medical attention. Although 14 of 16 outcomes had effect sizes trending in the direction of improvement, only two were statistically significant using non-parametric analyses: 30 second Sit-to-Stand (pre-test median=11.0 (interquartile range (IQR)=6.0); post-test median=12.0 (IQR=3.0) and acoustic data work (pre-test median=756.0 dB s (IQR=198.4); post-test median=876.3 dB s (IQR=455.5), p \u3c 0.05. Conclusion: A coordinated, multidisciplinary telehealth program was safe and feasible for people in rural communities who have PD. This telehealth program also yielded a signal of efficacy for most of the outcomes measured in the study

Reducing Implicit Racial Preferences: II Intervention Effectiveness Across Time

Implicit preferences are malleable, but does that change last? We tested 9 interventions (8 real and 1 sham) to reduce implicit racial preferences over time. In 2 studies with a total of 6,321 participants, all 9 interventions immediately reduced implicit preferences. However, none were effective after a delay of several hours to several days. We also found that these interventions did not change explicit racial preferences and were not reliably moderated by motivations to respond without prejudice. Short-term malleability in implicit preferences does not necessarily lead to long-term change, raising new questions about the flexibility and stability of implicit preferences. (PsycINFO Database Recor

A genome-wide genetic map of NB-LRR disease resistance loci in potato

Like all plants, potato has evolved a surveillance system consisting of a large array of genes encoding for immune receptors that confer resistance to pathogens and pests. The majority of these so-called resistance or R proteins belong to the super-family that harbour a nucleotide binding and a leucine-rich-repeat domain (NB-LRR). Here, sequence information of the conserved NB domain was used to investigate the genome-wide genetic distribution of the NB-LRR resistance gene loci in potato. We analysed the sequences of 288 unique BAC clones selected using filter hybridisation screening of a BAC library of the diploid potato clone RH89-039-16 (S. tuberosum ssp. tuberosum) and a physical map of this BAC library. This resulted in the identification of 738 partial and full-length NB-LRR sequences. Based on homology of these sequences with known resistance genes, 280 and 448 sequences were classified as TIR-NB-LRR (TNL) and CC-NB-LRR (CNL) sequences, respectively. Genetic mapping revealed the presence of 15 TNL and 32 CNL loci. Thirty-six are novel, while three TNL loci and eight CNL loci are syntenic with previously identified functional resistance genes. The genetic map was complemented with 68 universal CAPS markers and 82 disease resistance trait loci described in literature, providing an excellent template for genetic studies and applied research in potato

Denton Cooley Oral History, Interview 1 of 1: June 26, 2007

Inventory of Cooley interview: http://www.lib.utexas.edu/taro/utcah/01326/cah-01326.html#series11Dolph Briscoe Center for American Histor