The Armies of the Streets: The New York City Draft Riots of 1863

In July 1863 New York City experienced widespread rioting unparalleled in the history of the nation. Here for the first time is a scholarly analysis of the Draft Riots, dealing with motives and with the reasons for the recurring civil disorders in nineteenth-century New York: the appalling living conditions, the corruption of the civic government, and the geographical and economic factors that led up to the social upheaval. Adrian Cook was educated at Johns Hopkins and at the University of Cambridge, where he took a double first and a Ph.D. While completing this book he was a Fellow of the Institute of Research in the Humanities, University of Wisconsin. [S]hould please both scholars and general readers. . . . easily surpasses previous books on the subject. —Library Journalhttps://uknowledge.uky.edu/upk_united_states_history/1055/thumbnail.jp

Persistence of chlorpropham (CIPC) in the concrete flooring of potato stores

The loss of the sprout suppressant, chlorpropham (CIPC), to the fabric of potato stores is currently of concern due to the risk of potential cross contamination of other crops subsequently housed in these stores. HPLC UV/VIS and GCMS methods were successfully employed to detect CIPC in the concrete flooring of research and commercial potato stores with histories of between 1 and 26 years of use. The concentrations in identical research stores, with different numbers of applications, were in the range 0.58–5.7 and 3.4–112 μg g−1, suggesting the magnitude of contamination was influenced by the number of applications. Commercial store A, with a history of 18 seasons of applications (estimate of total CIPC applied 2040 kg), had concentrations varying between 6 and 48 μg g−1 in the top three centimetres, with more than 92% within the top centimetre. In contrast, commercial store B, with a history of less than five seasons of applications (estimate of total CIPC applied 319 kg), had concentrations varying between 0.58 and 304 μg g−1 in the top four centimetres, with less than 47% within the top centimetre. The difference in depth distributions between A and B may be due to the structural integrity of the concrete, which was much poorer in B. CIPC was persistent in all stores irrespective of the total quantities of CIPC applied and date of the final application

CD4+ T cell hyporesponsiveness after repeated exposure to Schistosoma mansoni larvae is dependent upon interleukin-10

The effect that multiple percutaneous exposures to Schistosoma larvae has on the development of early CD4+ lymphocyte reactivity is unclear, yet it is important in the context of humans living in areas where schistosomiasis is endemic. In a murine model of multiple infections, we show that exposure of mice to repeated doses (4×) of Schistosoma mansoni cercariae, compared to a single dose (1×), results in CD4+ T cell hyporesponsiveness within the skin-draining lymph nodes (sdLN), manifested as reduced CD4+ cell proliferation and cytokine production. FoxP3+ CD4+ regulatory T cells were present in similar numbers in the sdLN of 4× and 1× mice and thus are unlikely to have a role in effecting hyporesponsiveness. Moreover, anergy of the CD4+ cell population from 4× mice was slight, as proliferation was only partly circumvented through the in vitro addition of exogenous interleukin-2 (IL-2), and the in vivo blockade of the regulatory molecule PD1 had a minimal effect on restoring responsiveness. In contrast, IL-10 was observed to be critical in mediating hyporesponsiveness, as CD4+ cells from the sdLN of 4× mice deficient for IL-10 were readily able to proliferate, unlike those from 4× wild-type cohorts. CD4+ cells from the sdLN of 4× mice exhibited higher levels of apoptosis and cell death, but in the absence of IL-10, there was significantly less cell death. Combined, our data show that IL-10 is a key factor in the development of CD4+ T cell hyporesponsiveness after repeated parasite exposure involving CD4+ cell apoptosis

Adapting the FlexiArch for widening a complex arch bridge

The 1840's Teewell Hill arch bridge, in the suburbs of Bristol, UK, was no longer adequate for increasing local traffic levels and needed to be widened. Several widening options were considered and it was concluded that the innovative ‘FlexiArch’ would best accommodate the complex geometry of the existing structure while minimising social and economic impacts. In order to elegantly accommodate the raked spandrel walls of the existing bridge Macrete and WSP|Parsons Brinckerhoff worked collaboratively to produce a custom-designed, high-quality, precast concrete FlexiArch, which matched the contours of the existing bridge. As the FlexiArch system has no corrodible reinforcement, it is highly sustainable and will result in reduced maintenance, as for the existing bridge. The elimination of centring and speed of construction (hours not months) minimised disruption to road traffic and to cyclists on the cycle network below the bridge – a key project criterion required by the client. Thus, in addition to addressing an accident black spot, the FlexiArch solution provided South Gloucestershire Council (the client) with an aesthetically pleasing and fully functional solution at a competitive cost

Error estimates for semi-Lagrangian finite difference methods applied to Burgers' equation in one dimension

We make an analytic study of the diffusive, dispersive and overall errors, which arise when using semi-implicit semi-Lagrangian (SISL) finite difference methods to approximate those travelling wave solutions of the one-dimensional Burgers' equation with small diffusion, which develop sharp fronts. For the case of a fixed uniform spatial mesh, with piecewise linear interpolation, a backward error analysis approach is used to construct a precise formal analytic description of the front profile of the numerical approximation to this solution. From this description it is possible to obtain precise estimates of the front width and the front speed in terms of the spatial and temporal step size and to express the overall solution error in terms of these. These formal estimates agree closely with numerical calculations, both qualitatively and quantitatively, and display a roughly periodic behaviour as the number Nx of mesh points increases, and the CFL number passes through integer values. In particular, they show that despite the otherwise poor resolution of the method, the front width is closely approximated when the CFL number is close to an integer, and the front speed is closely approximated when it is close to a half integer. The overall L2 error also shows super-convergence for certain values of Nx. This possibly motivates doing two calculations with different Nx when using the SISL method on such problems to separately minimise the diffusive and dispersive errors. Similar errors in the front width and speed are observed for a number of different interpolation schemes with and without flux limiters.</p

'For this I was made': conflict and calling in the role of a woman priest

There has been an increasing focus on ‘work as calling’ in recent years, but relatively few empirical sociological accounts that shed light on the experience of performing calling work. Although callings have generally been referred to as positive and fulfilling to the individual and as beneficial to society, researchers have also suggested there is a ‘dark side’ to calling, and have drawn attention to the potential conflicts and tensions inherent in the pursuit of calling, especially for women. This article explores these themes through the first-hand experiences of one woman who felt called to work as a priest. Her narrative illustrates how callings draw the individual irresistibly towards a particular line of work. It also shows how calling work can be both satisfying individually and beneficial to the wider community but, at the same time, involves sacrifice, compromise and a willingness to defer personal rewards

Heterogeneity in Karakoram glacier surges

Many Karakoram glaciers periodically undergo surges during which large volumes of ice and debris are rapidly transported down-glacier, usually at a rate of one to two orders of magnitude greater than during quiescence. Here we identify eight recent surges in the region, and map their surface velocities using cross-correlation feature tracking on optical satellite imagery. In total, we present 44 surface velocity datasets, which show that Karakoram surges are generally short-lived, lasting between 3 and 5 years in most cases, and have rapid build-up and relaxation phases, often lasting less than a year. Peak velocities of up to 2 km a-1 are reached during summer months and the surges tend to diminish during winter months. Otherwise, they do not follow a clearly identifiable pattern. In two of the surges, the peak velocity travels down-ice through time as a wave, which we interpret as a surge front. Three other surges are characterised by high velocities that occur simultaneously across the entire glacier surface and acceleration and deceleration is close to monotonic. There is also no consistent seasonal control on surge initiation or termination. We suggest that the differing styles of surge can be partly accounted for by individual glacier configurations, and that while some characteristics of Karakoram surges are akin to thermally-controlled surges elsewhere (e.g. Svalbard), the dominant surge mechanism remains unclear. We thus propose that these surges represent a spectrum of flow instabilities and the processes controlling their evolution may vary on a glacier by glacier basis

Professional Sports Teams: Going Beyond the Core

Purpose - The addition of products to the core of matches by Professional Sports Teams (PSTs) has received much coverage. However, there has been limited work as to how their stadiums are used to stage non-sporting events. This paper investigates how clubs in the English Football League (EFL) use their venues to diversify into other markets. Design/methodology - Secondary sources were used to categorise the teams who played in the EFL by: average division turnover, stadium capacity and stadium age. Semi-structured interviews were held with a member of the commercial teams of 21 clubs. Findings - Clubs use their stadiums to supply a range of products and working with partners is commonplace. These products are targeted at a range of stakeholders, such as supporters, the local community and regionally based organisations. In addition to their own efforts, increased geographical coverage for clubs usually develops in three ways: via internal marketing by local organisations who use the facilities, agents who market the stadium for the club, and the EFL who market the league/clubs holistically. Research limitations/implications - The use of a stadium allows PSTs to diversify by providing new products for new markets. In this instance it has led to the development of capabilities in areas such as conferencing, funerals and weddings. Originality - This is one of the first papers to examine the capabilities developed by PSTs that lie outside the staging of matches

A pragmatic multi-centre randomised controlled trial of fluid loading and level of dependency in high-risk surgical patients undergoing major elective surgery : trial protocol

Peer reviewedPublisher PD

Determination of Chlorpropham (CIPC) residues, in the concrete flooring of potato stores, using quantitative (HPLC UV/VIS) and qualitative (GCMS) methods

Isopropyl-N-(3-chlorophenyl) carbamate (CIPC, common name Chlorpropham) is commonly used for post-harvest sprout inhibition in stored potatoes. It is applied as a thermal fog which results in loss to the fabric of the store and the atmosphere. Recently, there have been concerns in the United Kingdom because of cross contamination of other crop commodities that were stored in buildings with a history of CIPC usage. This cross contamination may have occurred because of retained residues in the fabric of the stores. The retention of CIPC in concrete is poorly understood; therefore the requirement for a robust analytical method for the detection and quantification of CIPC in concrete is a critical first step in tackling this problem. A method using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography with ultraviolet detection (HPLC UV/VIS) was validated. CIPC recoveries at three concentration levels (0.4, 4.0 and 40.0 µg g-1) were in the range of 90.7-97.0 % with relative standard deviations between 2.14-3.01 %. The limits of detection and quantification were 0.03 and 0.1 µg g-1 , respectively. This study confirmed that CIPC was persistent in concrete to a depth of 4 cm, with &gt; 90 % within the top 1 cm of the flooring