Sustentabilidad de la producción de papa en la región Lima

Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina. Escuela de Posgrado. Doctorado en Agricultura SustentableLa papa es un alimento originario del Perú que presenta una amplia diversidad genética y actualmente se desarrolla en pequeñas parcelas de cultivo en más de 300 mil hectáreas a nivel nacional generando empleo rural; por ello, es prioritario evaluar la sustentabilidad de los sistemas de producción en concordancia con prácticas agronómicas que sean amigables al medio ambiente. El objetivo de la investigación es proponer alternativas de gestión para optimizar el sistema de producción de papa bajo las condiciones de la costa central del Perú. Las técnicas de recolección de información fueron: recopilación de fuentes de informaciones primarias y secundarias, diagnóstico exploratorio, aplicación de cuestionario (encuestas), análisis estadístico de experimentos agronómicos y análisis de la información de las encuestas. Se evaluó el grado de sustentabilidad social, económico y ambiental del sistema de producción de papa, mediante el análisis multicriterio de Sarandon, utilizándose como instrumento de medición una encuesta a 127 productores de papa de las provincias de Barranca, Huaral y Cañete en la región Lima, evaluándose posteriormente el efecto de la inoculación microbiana sobre la producción de papa. Se determinó que el sistema de producción de papa en la región Lima no es sustentable, al hallarse un valor de 1.78 en la escala ponderada de indicadores utilizada y que es necesario implementar medidas que reduzcan la vulnerabilidad del cultivo en cuanto a la conservación de la vida del suelo y manejo de la agro biodiversidad. Mediante la estrategia de inoculación de tubérculos-semilla con cepas bacterianas y micorrizas se obtuvieron diferencias significativas con respecto al control sin inoculación, mejorando el rendimiento de tubérculos y la biomasa por hectárea en relación al control. Se concluye que la utilización de microorganismos promotores del crecimiento en la papa puede ayudar a reducir la vulnerabilidad del cultivo, incrementando el bajo nivel de sustentabilidad hallado en las fincas de producción de papa de la región Lima.Potato is a native peruvian crop with a wide genetic diversity; it is currently developed in small farms in more than 300 thousand hectares nationwide, generating rural employment, being a priority to evaluate sustainability of the production system with agronomic practices friendly to the environment. The main objective is to propose management alternatives to optimize the potato production system in the central coast of Peru. The sources for collecting information were primary and secondary information sources, exploratory diagnosis, questionnaire (surveys), statistical analysis of agronomic experiments and analysis of survey information. Social, economic and environmental sustainability levels of potato farms were evaluated through Sarandon Multicriteria Analysis, using a survey for 127 potato producers in the provinces of Barranca, Huaral and Cañete in the Lima region. Later, the effect of bacterial inoculation on the sustainability of the potato production system was evaluated. The potato farms in the Lima region were not sustainable with a value of 1.78 on the weighted scale of indicators used and it is necessary to implement measures to reduce the vulnerability of the potato crop in terms of soil life conservation and agrobiodiversity management. By means of the inoculation of seedtubers strategy with bacterial mycorrhiza strains, significant differences were obtained with respect to the control without inoculation, increasing tuber yield and biomass per hectare, compared to control. It is concluded that the use of growth promoting bacteria and mycorrhiza in potatoes can reduce the vulnerability of the crop, increasing the low level of sustainability found in potato production farms at the Lima region.Tesi

Plant Breeding and Microbiome

In this review, references to the use of microorganisms in the process of plant domestication, genetic improvement, and production of traditional and improved varieties have been identified. The domestication process may have had an adverse impact on the composition and functions of the associated microbiota and the microbiota associated with plants influences multiple regulatory processes of plants that together define their phenotype. According to scientific evidence, to increase agricultural production and the sustainability of production systems, future research should develop breeding methods that optimize the symbiosis between plants and microorganisms, to produce new plant phenotypes that result in the production of enough food to meet the needs of the human population

Produção de tubérculos de batata-semente sob efeito de Trichoderma sp. e rizobactérias em casa de vegetação

Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) is one of the main crops in the Andean region and due to environmental aspects, the use of biocontrol agents is considered a safe way to produce potato seed tubers.The objective of the study was to evaluate potato inoculation with Trichoderma sp. as a matrix and rhizobacteria Bacillus simplex and Azotobacter sp. on the growth of potato seedlings from in vitro culture, for the production of seed tubers in a greenhouse. The inoculation of microorganisms was carried out in pots, using five potato genotypes for processing. The inoculation treatments were: control, Trichoderma sp., Trichoderma sp. + Azotobacter sp., Trichoderma sp. + Bacillus simplex, Trichoderma sp. + B. simplex + Azotobacter sp. The potato genotypes were cv. Unica (CIP392797.22), cv. Bicentenaria, the advanced clones CIP 396311.1, CIP 399101.1, and the experimental clone UH-09 from the Universidad Nacional José Faustino Sánchez Carrión. A completely randomized design was used, under a factorial arrangement and comparisons between treatments were made at p<0.05. All inoculant treatments exceeded the control in number and weight of tubers per plant as well as in tuber size. Inoculations of Trichoderma sp. alone or with Azotobacter sp. increased plant height, number of leaves per plant and vegetative uniformity; inoculations with the Trichoderma sp. + B. simplex + Azotobacter sp. consortium, improved the dry weight of the foliage, number of shoots per plant and vegetative vigor. There were significant interactions between potato genotypes and inoculant treatments for plant uniformity, vegetative vigor, and the foliage's dry weight. Coinoculation with Trichoderma sp. and some bacterial strains promote the growth of in vitro potato seedlings, increasing the size and weight of the seed tubers and plant biomass, indicating an interrelation between fungi and bacteria that influence the production of potatoes in a greenhouse.A batata (Solanum tuberosum L.) é uma das principais culturas da região andina e devido aos aspectos ambientais, o uso de agentes de biocontrole é considerado uma forma segura de produzir tubérculos de batata-semente. O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar a inoculação de batata com Trichoderma sp. como matriz e rizobactérias Bacillus simplex e Azotobacter sp. sobre o crescimento de mudas de batata provenientes de cultivo in vitro, para produção de tubérculos-semente em casa de vegetação. A inoculação dos microrganismos foi realizada em vasos, utilizando-se cinco genótipos de batata para processamento. Os tratamentos de inoculação foram: testemunha, Trichoderma sp., Trichoderma sp. + Azotobacter sp., Trichoderma sp. + B.simplex, Trichoderma sp. + B.simplex + Azotobacter sp. Os genótipos de batata foram cv. Única (CIP392797.22), cv. Bicentenaria, os clones avançados CIP396311.1, CIP399101.1, e o clone experimental UH-9 da Universidade Nacional José Faustino Sánchez Carrión. O delineamento foi inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial e as comparações entre os tratamentos foram feitas com p<0,05. Todos os tratamentos com inoculantes excederam o controle em número e peso de tubérculos por planta, bem como em tamanho de tubérculo. Inoculações de Trichoderma sp. sozinho ou com Azotobacter sp. aumento da altura das plantas, número de folhas por planta e uniformidade vegetativa; inoculações com o Trichoderma sp. + B.simplex + Azotobacter sp. consorcio, melhorou a massa seca da folhagem, número de brotações por planta e vigor vegetativo. Houve interações significativas entre genótipos de batata e tratamentos inoculantes para uniformidade e vigor vegetativo, e para a massa seca da folhagem. Coinoculação com Trichoderma sp. e algumas cepas bacterianas promovem o crescimento de mudas de batata in vitro, aumentando o tamanho e o peso dos tubérculos-semente e da biomassa vegetal, indicando que existe inter-relação entre fungos e bactérias que influenciam a produção de batata em casa de vegetação

Inductores de resistencia sistémica y producción de tubérculos de papa en condiciones controladas

Objetivo:  Determinar la influencia de inductores químicos de resistencia sistémica sobre la producción de tubérculos de papa en condiciones controladas. Metodología: Se realizó un experimento bajo un diseño completamente aleatorizado en una casa-malla en la localidad de Lunahuaná (Cañete), utilizando dos clones avanzados de papa y cuatro tratamientos inductores de resistencia sistémica más un control, en Lunahuaná, Cañete. Se usó la prueba de Scott-Knott para la comparación de promedios a un nivel de significación del 5%, mediante el programa Infostat. Resultados: No se hallaron diferencias estadísticas para peso y número tubérculos y en peso del follaje por efecto de los tratamientos inductores, ni diferencias en las interacciones entre los clones de papa y la aplicación de alguno de los tratamientos evaluados. Conclusiones: Ningún tratamiento con inductores químicos afectó significativamente la producción de tubérculos en dos clones avanzados de papa, por lo que se les puede considerar en un plan de manejo integrado de enfermedades en condiciones de invernadero

Desempenho agronômico da batata (Solanum tuberosum L.) cv. ´Unica´ sob inoculação com rhizobacterias nativas e aplicação de ácido acetil salicílico

Peru is center of origin of potato and its wild relatives, so it is convenient to develop new technologies of agronomical management with less impact on the ecosystem, as in the use of pesticides and chemical fertilizers in potato is increasing in developing countries. The objective of the work was to evaluate the agronomic performance of potato cv. ´Unica´ under inoculation with PGPR rhizobacteria isolated from the rhizosphere of Andean potatoes and on the effect of the application of acetylsalicylic acid in field conditions of the Peruvian coast. Inoculation of four bacterial isolates were evaluated: Bacillus simplex B13, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens Bac 15Mb, Azotobacter sp. Azo 16M2 and Pantoea sp. DZ22, as well as a dose of 0.4 mM acetyl salicylic acid as promoter treatments for plant growth versus a control with no inoculation. A randomized complete block design was used in a sandy loam class soil, slightly alkaline, with low organic content and free of salts. There was a relative humidity between 54 and 71%, while the average air temperatures ranged between 13 and 21 °C in San Vicente de Cañete, Lima (coordinates UTM 18L3540788550372). Inoculated plants with bacterial strains at sowing time and control were evaluated at flowering in plots of 40 plants with three replications for several physiological and productive parameters. Means were separated statistically through Duncan's multiple range test and processed with Infostat software. Inoculation with strain Azotobacter sp. Azo 16M2, showed significant differences (p<0.05) with respect to control without inoculation, increasing tuber yield and commercial tuber weight per hectare and with less damage by the leafminer fly (Liriomyza huidobrensis) vis-à-vis the control. Also application of acetyl salicylic acid showed higher percentage of inflorescences (p<0.05) compared to the control, while statistical differences were not found between bacterial strains for this character. It was concluded that the application of inoculant strain Azotobacter sp. Azo 16M2 improved the agronomic performance of potato cv. ‘Unica’, under subtropical conditions of the valley of Cañete in terms of production of tubers and commercial quality, and less foliage damage by the leafminer fly compared to non-inoculated plants.Peru é o centro de origem da batata e seus parentes silvestres, por isso é conveniente desenvolver novas tecnologias de gestão agronômica com menor impacto no ecossistema, como o uso de pesticidas e fertilizantes químicos em batata está aumentando nos países em desenvolvimento. O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar o desempenho agronômico da cv. ´Unica´ sob inoculação com rizobactérias PGPR isoladas da rizosfera de batata andina e pelo efeito da aplicação de ácido acetilsalicílico nas condições de campo da costa peruana. Avaliou-se a inoculação de quatro isolados bacterianos: Bacillus simplex B13, B. amyloliquefaciens Bac 15Mb, Azotobacter sp. Azo 16M2 e Pantoea sp. DZ22 bem como uma dose de 0,4 mM de ácido acetilsalicílico como promotores detratamentos para o crescimento das plantas versus um controle sem inoculação. Utilizou-se um delineamento em blocos casualizados, em um solo franco-arenoso,  ligeiramente alcalino, de baixo conteúdo orgânico e livre de sais. O clima durante o ensaio apresentou uma umidade relativa entre 54 e 71%, temperaturas médias entre 13 e 21 °C em San Vicente de Cañete, Lima (coordenadas UTM  18L3540788550372). As plantas foram inoculadas com estirpes bacterianas no momento da semeadura e na floração e os tratamentos foram avaliados em parcelas de 40 plantas com três repetições para diversos parâmetros fisiológicos e produtivos. Os dados foram analisados estatisticamente através do teste de Duncan e processados com o software Infostat. A inoculação com a estirpe Azo 16M2, apresentou diferenças significativas (p<0,05) em relação ao controle sem inoculação, aumentando a produção de tubérculos e o peso comercial de tubérculos por hectare e com menor dano pela mosca minadora (Liriomyza huidobrensis) em relação ao controle. Também a aplicação de ácido acetilsalicílico apresentou maior porcentagem de inflorescências (p<0,05) em relação ao controle, enquanto que diferenças estatísticas não foram encontradas entre as cepas bacterianas para este caráter. Concluiu-se que a aplicação da estirpe inoculante Azotobacter sp. Azo 16M2 melhorou o desempenho agronômico da batata cv. ´Unica´, em condições subtropicais do vale de Cañete, em termos de produção de tubérculos e qualidade comercial, e menor dano foliar por mosca minadora em comparação com plantas não inoculadas

Sustentabilidad de la producción de quinua en Ñahuimpuquio, Tayacaja

Determinar el nivel de sustentabilidad de la producción de quinua en el distrito de Ñahuimpuquio, provincia de Tayacaja, Huancavelica Metodología: La investigación se realizó en el distrito de Ñahuimpuquio, provincia de Tayacaja, región Huancavelica, entre los 3 650 a 3 800 msnm. Se utilizó una encuesta a los productores de quinua mediante un cuestionario para obtener información de las variables e indicadores de sustentabilidad, siendo el número de entrevistados de 76 productores. Se aplicó la metodología de Sarandon que considera indicadores y subindicadores de sustentabilidad en 3 dimensiones: económica, ambiental y social. Se usó una escala cuantitativa de 0 (muy pobre sustentabilidad) hasta 4 (alto nivel de sustentabilidad). Resultados: Las fincas productoras de quinua tuvieron una calificación de 1,87 equivalente a una débil sustentabilidad ambiental, la sustentabilidad económica un valor de 1,72 y la sustentabilidad social obtuvo una valoración de 2,14.   Se estimó el valor medio de los indicadores de sustentabilidad ambiental, económico y social, siendo el índice de sustentabilidad general de 1,91 indicando un valor debajo del umbral. Conclusiones: Las fincas productoras de quinua en el distrito de Ñahuimpuquio, presentaron una débil sustentabilidad implicando que ello podría constituirse en una amenaza para la producción sostenible de la quinua

Characterization of the complete chloroplast genome of a Peruvian landrace of Capsicum chinense Jacq. (Solanaceae), arnaucho chili pepper

In this study, we sequenced the first complete chloroplast (cp) genome of a Peruvian chili pepper landrace, “arnacucho” (Capsicum chinense). This cp genome has a 156,931 bp in length with typical quadripartite structure, containing a large single copy (LSC) region (87,325 bp) and a 17,912 bp small single-copy (SSC) region, separated by two inverted repeat (IR) regions (25,847 bp); and the percentage of GC content was 37.71%. Arnaucho chili pepper chloroplast genome possesses 133 genes that consists of 86 protein-coding genes, 37 tRNA, eight rRNA, and two pseudogenes. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that this Peruvian chili pepper landrace is closely related to the undomesticated species C. galapagoense; all belong to the Capsiceae tribe

Characterization of the complete chloroplast genome of a Peruvian landrace of Capsicum chinense Jacq. (Solanaceae), arnaucho chili pepper

In this study, we sequenced the first complete chloroplast (cp) genome of a Peruvian chili pepper landrace, “arnacucho” (Capsicum chinense). This cp genome has a 156,931 bp in length with typical quadripartite structure, containing a large single copy (LSC) region (87,325 bp) and a 17,912 bp small single-copy (SSC) region, separated by two inverted repeat (IR) regions (25,847 bp); and the percentage of GC content was 37.71%. Arnaucho chili pepper chloroplast genome possesses 133 genes that consists of 86 protein-coding genes, 37 tRNA, eight rRNA, and two pseudogenes. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that this Peruvian chili pepper landrace is closely related to the undomesticated species C. galapagoense; all belong to the Capsiceae tribe

Trisomía parcial 4p por cromosoma 4 recombinante originado por inversión pericéntrica de origen paterno

The partial trisomy 4p, usually originated from translocations between chromosome 4 and other non-homologous chromosomes or pericentric inversion of chromosome 4, causing abnormal chromosome gametes between normal and the inverted one, yielding a recombinant chromosome duplication can carry small ami segments (4p) or the long arm (4q) the latter being non-viable. The phenotypic characteristics of this condition present with severe mental retardation, delayed psychomotor development, craniofacial anomalies, strabismus, musculoskeletal defects, heart defects, cryptorchidism and micropenis. We describe the case of a 1-year 6-month child with delay in psychomotor development and dysmorphic features, having a recombinant 4p duplication of paternal origin. It is the first case of duplication 4p found in our institution due to hereditary, it is necessary to perform counseling to parents and monitoring of the proband for therapeutic and psychological management.La trisomía parcial 4p, suele originarse de translocaciones entre el cromosoma 4 y otros cromosomas no homólogos o por inversión pericéntrica del cromosoma 4, originando gametos anómalos entre el cromosoma normal y el invertido, obteniéndose un cromosoma recombinante que puede portar duplicidad de segmentos del brazo pequeño (4p) o del brazo largo (4q) siendo este último inviable. Las características fenotípicas de esta condición cursan con retardo mental severo, retraso en el desarrollo psicomotor, anomalías craneofaciales, estrabismo, defectos osteomusculares, defectos cardiacos, criptorquidia y micropene. Describimos el caso de un niño de 1 año 6 meses con retardo en el desarrollo psicomotor y rasgos dismórficos, presentando una duplicación 4p recombinante de origen paterno.Es el primer caso de duplicación 4p hallado en nuestra institución y debido al carácter hereditario, es preciso realizar la consejería a los progenitores y seguimiento del propósitos para su manejo terapéutico y psicológico

Mortality from gastrointestinal congenital anomalies at 264 hospitals in 74 low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries: a multicentre, international, prospective cohort study

Summary Background Congenital anomalies are the fifth leading cause of mortality in children younger than 5 years globally. Many gastrointestinal congenital anomalies are fatal without timely access to neonatal surgical care, but few studies have been done on these conditions in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). We compared outcomes of the seven most common gastrointestinal congenital anomalies in low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries globally, and identified factors associated with mortality. Methods We did a multicentre, international prospective cohort study of patients younger than 16 years, presenting to hospital for the first time with oesophageal atresia, congenital diaphragmatic hernia, intestinal atresia, gastroschisis, exomphalos, anorectal malformation, and Hirschsprung’s disease. Recruitment was of consecutive patients for a minimum of 1 month between October, 2018, and April, 2019. We collected data on patient demographics, clinical status, interventions, and outcomes using the REDCap platform. Patients were followed up for 30 days after primary intervention, or 30 days after admission if they did not receive an intervention. The primary outcome was all-cause, in-hospital mortality for all conditions combined and each condition individually, stratified by country income status. We did a complete case analysis. Findings We included 3849 patients with 3975 study conditions (560 with oesophageal atresia, 448 with congenital diaphragmatic hernia, 681 with intestinal atresia, 453 with gastroschisis, 325 with exomphalos, 991 with anorectal malformation, and 517 with Hirschsprung’s disease) from 264 hospitals (89 in high-income countries, 166 in middleincome countries, and nine in low-income countries) in 74 countries. Of the 3849 patients, 2231 (58·0%) were male. Median gestational age at birth was 38 weeks (IQR 36–39) and median bodyweight at presentation was 2·8 kg (2·3–3·3). Mortality among all patients was 37 (39·8%) of 93 in low-income countries, 583 (20·4%) of 2860 in middle-income countries, and 50 (5·6%) of 896 in high-income countries (p<0·0001 between all country income groups). Gastroschisis had the greatest difference in mortality between country income strata (nine [90·0%] of ten in lowincome countries, 97 [31·9%] of 304 in middle-income countries, and two [1·4%] of 139 in high-income countries; p≤0·0001 between all country income groups). Factors significantly associated with higher mortality for all patients combined included country income status (low-income vs high-income countries, risk ratio 2·78 [95% CI 1·88–4·11], p<0·0001; middle-income vs high-income countries, 2·11 [1·59–2·79], p<0·0001), sepsis at presentation (1·20 [1·04–1·40], p=0·016), higher American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) score at primary intervention (ASA 4–5 vs ASA 1–2, 1·82 [1·40–2·35], p<0·0001; ASA 3 vs ASA 1–2, 1·58, [1·30–1·92], p<0·0001]), surgical safety checklist not used (1·39 [1·02–1·90], p=0·035), and ventilation or parenteral nutrition unavailable when needed (ventilation 1·96, [1·41–2·71], p=0·0001; parenteral nutrition 1·35, [1·05–1·74], p=0·018). Administration of parenteral nutrition (0·61, [0·47–0·79], p=0·0002) and use of a peripherally inserted central catheter (0·65 [0·50–0·86], p=0·0024) or percutaneous central line (0·69 [0·48–1·00], p=0·049) were associated with lower mortality. Interpretation Unacceptable differences in mortality exist for gastrointestinal congenital anomalies between lowincome, middle-income, and high-income countries. Improving access to quality neonatal surgical care in LMICs will be vital to achieve Sustainable Development Goal 3.2 of ending preventable deaths in neonates and children younger than 5 years by 2030