Alternating Hamiltonian cycles in 22-edge-colored multigraphs

A path (cycle) in a $2$-edge-colored multigraph is alternating if no two consecutive edges have the same color. The problem of determining the existence of alternating Hamiltonian paths and cycles in $2$-edge-colored multigraphs is an $\mathcal{NP}$-complete problem and it has been studied by several authors. In Bang-Jensen and Gutin's book "Digraphs: Theory, Algorithms and Applications", it is devoted one chapter to survey the last results on this topic. Most results on the existence of alternating Hamiltonian paths and cycles concern on complete and bipartite complete multigraphs and a few ones on multigraphs with high monochromatic degrees or regular monochromatic subgraphs. In this work, we use a different approach imposing local conditions on the multigraphs and it is worthwhile to notice that the class of multigraphs we deal with is much larger than, and includes, complete multigraphs, and we provide a full characterization of this class. Given a $2$-edge-colored multigraph $G$, we say that $G$ is $2$-$\mathcal{M}$-closed (resp. $2$-$\mathcal{NM}$-closed)} if for every monochromatic (resp. non-monochromatic) $2$-path $P=(x_1, x_2, x_3)$, there exists an edge between $x_1$ and $x_3$. In this work we provide the following characterization: A $2$-$\mathcal{M}$-closed multigraph has an alternating Hamiltonian cycle if and only if it is color-connected and it has an alternating cycle factor. Furthermore, we construct an infinite family of $2$-$\mathcal{NM}$-closed graphs, color-connected, with an alternating cycle factor, and with no alternating Hamiltonian cycle.Comment: 15 pages, 20 figure

Generación de piloto automático difuso para maniobras de embarcaciones

This paper introduces a method to generate autopilots for ship headings by using issues from the observation of control actions performed by human operators. The controller is designed based on fuzzy logic and uses triangular membership functions for the antecedent and consequent functions for Singleton type. For an automatic adjustment of the consequential, the recursive least squares method was used. This method is used to generate and validate the course driver of a 350-m tanker, at different load conditions.Este documento presenta un método para generar pilotos automáticos para rumbo de embarcación mediante el uso de asuntos provenientes de la observación de acciones de control realizadas por operadores humanos. El controlador está diseñado basado en lógica difusa (fuzzy logic) y utiliza funciones de pertenencia triangular para las funciones antecedentes y consecuentes para tipo Singleton. Para un ajuste automático de la consecuente, se utilizó el método de mínimos cuadrados recursivos. Este método es utilizado para generar y validar el conductor de curso de un buque cisterna de 350 m, en diferentes condiciones de carga

The natural law in the scholasticism 1526-1617

Al interior de la tradición clásica del derecho natural, los teólogos escolásticos de los siglos XVI-XVII describen ese derecho como simplemente necesario, así como inmutable y universal. Lo describen, además, como un orden objetivo, independiente de la voluntad de Dios. Sin embargo, no todos los teólogos escolásticos entienden la inmutabilidad del derecho natural de la misma forma, ni llaman “derecho natural” exactamente a lo mismo: para unos este es el “derecho de la naturaleza”, mientras que para otros es el “derecho de la razón natural”. El artículo, así, aborda las principales diferencias que existen en las teorías de estos escolásticos sobre el derecho natural.Within the classical tradition of the natural law, the scholastic theologians of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries describe this law as simply necessary, as well as immutable and universal. They conceive it, moreover, as an objective order independent of God’s will. However, not all scholastic theologians understand the immutability of natural law in the same way, nor does the term “natural law” refer to exactly the same thing: whereas for some it is the “law of nature”, for others it is the “law of natural reason”. So, the article addresses the main differences in the theories of these scholastics on natural law

Estética e identidad corporativa.

Aesthetics is the science that deals with the problem of feeling to make a philosophical reflection on the nature of what isbeautiful about artistic Visual and audiovisual products. Business and advertising, communication-oriented conceiving their supports asartistic products from its inclusion in this field in the year of 1908 in Berlin Germany and driven in a visionary manner by the Rathenaubrothers, creators of the AEG company, materialized by the action of the architect, designer and German graphic artist, Peter Behrens andthe Austrian sociologist, Otto Neurathwho were responsible for the change and creation of the style graphic of the visual identity of thisfirm, constituting an act pioneer in the use of aesthetics within the corporate branding. Thus was invented the concept and practice ofcorporate identity, providing a new way in business communication, Act emulated by other recognized brands, who have spoken theirsigns and vectors of communication, to strengthen them with aesthetic values, making them better able to compete in environmentsaffected by new technologies that have been created for new brands and dynamic ways to build links communicate an aesthetic itself, fullof attributes that shocks and is transmitted through social networks, adapting to the changes of the environment and the consumer, trend towhich enterprises of the region for the sake of their positioning and competitiveness must be entered.La Estética es la ciencia que se ocupa del problema del sentir para hacer una reflexión filosófica sobre la naturaleza de lobello y los productos artísticos visuales y audiovisuales. Orientada a la comunicación empresarial y publicitaria, concibiendo sus soportescomo productos artísticos a partir de su inserción en este campo en el año de 1908, en Berlín Alemania e, impulsada de manera visionariapor los hermanos Rathenau, creadores de la firma AEG, se materializó por la acción del arquitecto, diseñador y artista gráfico alemán,Peter Behrens y el sociólogo austriaco Otto Neurath, quienes se encargaron del cambio y creación del estilo gráfico de la identidad visualde esta firma, constituyendo un acto pionero en el uso de la estética dentro del branding corporativo. De esta manera se inventó el conceptoy la praxis de la identidad corporativa, aportando una nueva forma en la comunicación empresarial, acto emulado por otras marcas de granreconocimiento, que han intervenido sus signos y vectores de comunicación, para reforzarlos con valores estéticos, haciéndolos más aptospara competir en entornos dinámicos y afectados por las nuevas tecnologías, que han creado para las marcas nuevas formas de construirvínculos, comunicar una estética propia, cargada de valores diferenciales, que impacta y se transmite a través de las redes sociales,adaptándose a los cambios del entorno y del consumidor, tendencia a la cual deben ingresar las empresas de la región en aras de suposicionamiento y competitividad

Red de voz corporativa en entidades financieras: un estudio de tráfico

The technology needs of the financial system arising from expansions in infrastructure, leading to the innovation of its telecommunications platforms. In this regard, it has increased the demand for so-called: analysis of network traffic Corporate Voice—ATRVC—. They involve the assembly of topologies, simulations and statistics based on descriptive studies, seeking to predict the behavior of resources, so that from these, banks, assertive, adapt or extend their infrastructure efficiently and ensure the availability and reliability platforms to their internal and external users. This article describes a ATRVC, using Opnet Modeler software support®. The simulations, compared’s occupation of the platform before and after a projected expansion process, identifying points of congestion or underutilization of bandwidth, compression and channels to accommodate traffic flows to the physical elements of the network.Las necesidades tecnológicas del sistema financiero, surgidas de lasexpansiones en infraestructura, conducen a la innovación de sus plataformasde telecomunicaciones. En tal sentido, se ha incrementadola demanda por los denominados análisis de tráfico de las redes de vozcorporativa (ATRVC). Ellos implican el montaje de topologías, simulacionesy estudios descriptivos basados en estadísticas, buscando predecirel comportamiento de los recursos, de manera que, a partir deestos, los bancos, asertivamente, se adapten o amplíen eficientementesu infraestructura y garanticen la disponibilidad y fiabilidad de las plataformasa sus usuarios internos y externos. En este artículo, se describeun ATRVC, utilizando como apoyo el software Opnet Modeler®.Las simulaciones comparan la ocupación propia de la plataforma antes ydespués de algún proceso de ampliación proyectado e identifican puntosde saturación o subutilización de ancho de banda, compresión y canales,para adecuar los flujos de tráfico a los elementos físicos de la red

Standardization of a simple method to study whole saliva: clinical use in different pathologies.

En este trabajo se describe la normatización de un método para determinar flujo salival en humanos utilizando saliva total obtenida del piso de la boca mediante un eyector dental descartable y una bomba de vacío (equipo dental). En este estudio se evaluaron 40 sujetos sanos de ambos sexos y 51 pacientes con diversas patologías (Síndrome de Sjögren, Disfunción Tiroidea, Diabetes Mellitus). Se demostró que el flujo salival basal era estable a partir de los primeros 5 minutos de colocado el eyector en la cavidad bucal. No se encontraron diferencias significativas en el flujo salival basal comparando los sexos, siendo independiente de la intensidad del vacío efectuado por la bomba. El flujo de saliva total estimulada fue determinado durante 3 minutos, luego de los primeros 5 minutos de colocado el eyector en la boca. El estímulo se efectuó adosando en la cara dorsal de la lengua discos de papel absorbente, embebidos en ácido cítrico al 2 %. El uso de este método en pacientes con Síndrome de Sjögren confirmó la reducción del flujo salival respecto a los sujetos sanos. Los pacientes hipotiroideos y con neuropatía diabética demostraron disminución del flujo salival.The present study describes a methodology to assess the salivary flow rate in humans. Whole saliva was obtained from the floor of the mouth with a plastic dental ejector and a vacuum pump. Forty healthy subjects of both sexes and 51 patients with different pathologies (Sjögren Syndrome, Thyroid Dysfunction, Diabetes Mellitus) were included in the study. It was demonstrated that basal salivary flow rate was stable five minutes after the insertion of the oral ejector. Salivary flow rate did not show significant differences between sexes and was independent of the negative pressure level of the vacuum pump. Stimulated salivary flow rate was quantified over a period of 3 minutes, starting 5 minutes after the introduction of the oral device. The stimulus was paper filter disks soaked in citric acid (2%) placed on the tongue dorsum. The use of this method confirmed the reduction of salivary flow rate in patients with Sjögren Syndrome. In addition, a significant reduction in salivary flow rate was observed in patients with primary thyroid insufficiency and peripheral neuropathy secondary to Diabetes Mellitus.Fil: Tumilasci, Omar Rene. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Houssay; Argentina. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Odontología. Cátedra de Fisiología; ArgentinaFil: Cardoso, Estela M. del Luján. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Houssay. Instituto de Investigaciones Médicas. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Medicina. Instituto de Investigaciones Médicas; ArgentinaFil: Contreras, Liliana Noemí. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Houssay. Instituto de Investigaciones Médicas. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Medicina. Instituto de Investigaciones Médicas; ArgentinaFil: Belforte, Juan Emilio. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Odontología. Cátedra de Fisiología; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Houssay; ArgentinaFil: Arregger, Alejandro Luis. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Houssay. Instituto de Investigaciones Médicas. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Medicina. Instituto de Investigaciones Médicas; ArgentinaFil: Ostuni, Mariano A.. Inserm; Franci

Complete genome sequences of field isolates of Mycobacterium bovis and Mycobacterium caprae

Here we report the complete genome sequences of field isolates of Mycobacterium bovis and the related mycobacterial species, Mycobacterium caprae. The genomes of three M. bovis (MB1, MB3, MB4) and one M. caprae (MB2) field isolates with different virulence, prevalence, and host distribution phenotypes were sequenced.This research was supported by grant AGL2011-30041 from the Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad, Spain, by the Programa de Tecnologías Avanzadas en Vigilancia Sanitaria (TAVS) from the Comunidad de Madrid (ref. S2013/ABI-2747), the EU H2020 COllaborative Management Platform for detection and Analyses of (Re-) emerging and foodborne outbreaks in Europe (COMPARE) Grant 377/14, and by the EU FP7 grants ANTIGONE (project number 278976) and WildTBvac (project number 613779).Peer Reviewe

Comparative genomics of field isolates of Mycobacterium bovis and M. caprae provides evidence for possible correlates with bacterial viability and virulence

This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License.-- et al.Mycobacteria of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC) greatly affect humans and animals worldwide. The life cycle of mycobacteria is complex and the mechanisms resulting in pathogen infection and survival in host cells are not fully understood. Recently, comparative genomics analyses have provided new insights into the evolution and adaptation of the MTBC to survive inside the host. However, most of this information has been obtained using M. tuberculosis but not other members of the MTBC such as M. bovis and M. caprae. In this study, the genome of three M. bovis (MB1, MB3, MB4) and one M. caprae (MB2) field isolates with different lesion score, prevalence and host distribution phenotypes were sequenced. Genome sequence information was used for whole-genome and protein-targeted comparative genomics analysis with the aim of finding correlates with phenotypic variation with potential implications for tuberculosis (TB) disease risk assessment and control. At the whole-genome level the results of the first comparative genomics study of field isolates of M. bovis including M. caprae showed that as previously reported for M. tuberculosis, sequential chromosomal nucleotide substitutions were the main driver of the M. bovis genome evolution. The phylogenetic analysis provided a strong support for the M. bovis/M. caprae clade, but supported M. caprae as a separate species. The comparison of the MB1 and MB4 isolates revealed differences in genome sequence, including gene families that are important for bacterial infection and transmission, thus highlighting differences with functional implications between isolates otherwise classified with the same spoligotype. Strategic protein-targeted analysis using the ESX or type VII secretion system, proteins linking stress response with lipid metabolism, host T cell epitopes of mycobacteria, antigens and peptidoglycan assembly protein identified new genetic markers and candidate vaccine antigens that warrant further study to develop tools to evaluate risks for TB disease caused by M. bovis/M.caprae and for TB control in humans and animals.This research was supported by grants AGL2014-56305 and IPT-2011-0735-010000 from Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad, Spain, and the European Union FP7 ANTIGONE grant 278976 and Horizon 2020 COMPARE Grant 377/14.Peer Reviewe