cafe

tesis LicenciaturaEn el presente trabajo se analiza la comercialización de café en el sur del Estado de México, en los municipios de Amatepec, Tlatlaya, Sultepec, Tejupilco y San Simón de Guerrero. En el cual se analizó el impacto económico que genera la actividad cafetalera en los diferentes agentes participantes en la cadena de comercialización de café en la región sur del Estado de México. La comercialización es una combinación de actividades en virtud de la cual los alimentos de origen agrícola y las materias primas se preparan para el consumo y llegan al consumidor final en forma conveniente en el momento y lugar oportuno. Como resultados de esta investigación, se obtiene que en la región sur del estado de México el proceso de comercialización está integrado por cuatro agentes participantes; los productores obtienen una mayor participación con el 75.46% del precio de venta del café; los intermediarios o acopiadores (CAFOA) con el 15.62% y los detallistas con el 8.92% y el consumidor final que es el que cierra dicho proceso de comercialización. Los precios de venta registrados durante el año 2018 por los diferentes actores participantes en el proceso de la comercialización del café tostado y molido fueron: los productores obtuvieron un precio promedio de venta de 122.91 $/kg, el acopiador vendió el kilogramo de café a un precio promedio de$148.26, mientras que los detallistas registraron un precio promedio de venta al consumidor final de 162.92 $/kg. Por otra parte, cabe señalar que, durante el año 2018, los mejores precios de venta de los productores cafetaleros del sur del Estado de México, fueron alcanzados en los meses de julio con 126.55$/kg, septiembre con 130.92 $/kg y noviembre con 126.61$/kg, el precio más bajo se registró en el mes de febrero con 115.96 $/kg. El MBC general indica que por cada peso que paga el consumidor por adquirir un kilogramo de café, los intermediarios, es decir, la Cooperativa de productores (CAFOA) y los detallistas, se apropiaron el 24.54$ 40.01 por cada kilogramo vendido, es decir su utilidad fue de 24.54%, mientras que los productores se adjudicaron el 75.46% del precio total pagado por el consumidor final, lo cual equivale a 122.93 $/kg.Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México Unidad Académica Profesional Tejupilco Licenciatura en Administració

Ethylenediurea (EDU) Affects the Growth of Ozone-Sensitive and Tolerant Ash ( Fraxinus excelsior

Adult ash trees (Fraxinus excelsior L.), known to be sensitive or tolerant to ozone, determined by presence or absence of foliar symptoms in previous years, were treated with ethylenediurea (EDU) at 450 ppm by gravitational trunk infusion over the 2005 growing season (32.5 ppm h AOT40). Tree and shoot growth were recorded in May and September. Leaf area, ectomycorrhizal infection, and leaf and fine root biomass were determined in September. EDU enhanced shoot length and diameter, and the number and area of leaves, in both O3-sensitive and tolerant trees. However, no EDU effects were recorded at the fine root and tree level. Therefore, a potential for EDU protection against O3-caused growth losses of forest trees should be evaluated during longer-term experiments

Physiological Responses to Drought Stress in Jatropha curcas Seedlings

Aims: The aim of the study was to investigate the physiological mechanisms of Jatropha curcas seedlings exposed to drought and the possible influence of seedling age. Study Design: A pot experiment was carried out using a completely randomized design with two seedling ages (2- and 3-month-old seedlings), two treatments per age (Watered: fully irrigated, and Unwatered: Not irrigated), six replicates (24 pots). Place and Duration of Study: The experiment was performed in a greenhouse facility located at the Experimental Station “Mauro Deidda” (Department of Agriculture of University of Sassari) at Ottava (Sassari, Italy) between June and September 2011. Methodology: To investigate the responses of 2- and 3-month-old J. curcas seedlings exposed to drought stress on 4th, 8th, 12th, 19th, and 26th day from treatment’s beginning, leaf and soil water content, biometric, gas exchange, and chlorophyll a fluorescence measurements were performed; on 26th day from treatment’s beginning, biometric destructive measurements were carried out. Results: Results support the hypothesis that J. curcas is appropriate to be cultivated in areas with limited water availability or prolonged periods of drought and highlight that mechanisms of drought response are highly influenced by seedling age. J. curcas seedlings maintained a good leaf water status by means of an effective stomatal closure, associated with a reduced aboveground growth and an increased root:shoot ratio. Under drought stress, 2-month seedlings showed a higher allocation of resources to roots compared to 3-month seedlings. Drought resulted in more detrimental effects on the photosynthetic response of 3-month seedlings, inducing the reduction of stomata conductance and the loss of photosystem II integrity. 2-month seedlings were instead able to activate mechanisms of drought tolerance through the activation of excess energy dissipation mechanisms. Conclusion: In the early stage of crop establishment, the transplanting of J. curcas 2-month seedlings proved to be more effective in order to avoid water stress related consequences

Short Communication Proceedings: Impacts of Air Pollution and Climate Change on Forest Ecosystems TheScientificWorldJOURNAL

Adult ash trees (Fraxinus excelsior L.), known to be sensitive or tolerant to ozone, determined by presence or absence of foliar symptoms in previous years, were treated with ethylenediurea (EDU) at 450 ppm by gravitational trunk infusion over the 2005 growing season (32.5 ppm h AOT40). Tree and shoot growth were recorded in May and September. Leaf area, mycorrhizal infection, and leaf and fine root biomass were determined in September. EDU enhanced shoot length and diameter, and the number and area of leaves, in both O 3 -sensitive and tolerant trees. However, no EDU effects were recorded at the fine root and tree level. Therefore, a potential for EDU protection against O 3 -caused growth losses of forest trees should be evaluated during longer-term experiments. KEYWORDS: European ash, ethylenediurea, forest, growth, mycorrhizae, tropospheric ozone INTRODUCTION Much has been written about the effects of O 3 on growth of forest trees, but conclusive proof that ambient levels of O 3 affect growth of forest trees remains elusive, usually because the experimental techniques do not allow extrapolation to realistic conditions Paoletti et al.: EDU Effects on Tree Growth TheScientificWorldJOURNAL (2007) 7(S1), 128-133 129 MATERIALS AND METHODS Six O 3 -sensitive (symptomatic) and six O 3 -tolerant (asymptomatic) adult ash trees, determined by presence or absence of foliar symptoms in previous years, were gravitationally infused with 450 ppm ethylenediurea (EDU) or water at 3-week intervals from May to September, 2005. AOT40 over the period was 32.5 ppm h. The experimental site was located at the 34-ha "Millerose" park in Turin, Italy. Details about infusion methodology, site characteristics, and EDU protection from O 3 visible injury are presented elsewhere Measurements of tree and shoot growth were carried out in May and September, while biomass, leaf area, and fine root mycorrhizal infection were determined only in September. Tree diameter was measured at breast height by means of a calliper. The points of measurements were labelled to reduce the error from May to September. Tree height was measured with a clinometer (Model CM360PA, Silva, Sweden). Shoot growth was measured on one 1-year-old sun shoot per tree, from the lower crown part. The shoots were the terminal ones of a lateral branch and were randomly selected. The total number of leaves and leaflets per shoot was counted. Shoot length and base diameter were recorded by means of a ruler and a digital calliper, respectively, with 0.1-mm accuracy. In September, 3 shoots per plant were collected. Total leaflet area per shoot was determined with an AM300 area meter (ADC, BioScientific Ltd, Herts UK). Shoot biomass was determined by oven-drying at 65 °C until a constant weight was reached. Leaflet mass per unit of leaflet area (LMA) and leaflet water content (LWC = (fresh weight-dry weight)/dry weight) were calculated Fine roots (diameter<2 mm) were sampled in standard cores of soil (500 ml). Four cores per tree were collected 40 cm far from the trunk along the cardinal points and joined in a single sample. Roots were attributed to F. excelsior with the help of morphological and anatomical observations The statistical unit was the single tree. After checking for normality, data were analyzed using a twoway (EDU x tree O3-sensitivity) analysis of variance (Statistica 6.0, StatSoft, Tulsa, OK). RESULTS EDU significantly reduced the abscission of leaves and induced a larger increment of the shoot length and diameter over the growing season, compared to the water-infused trees Paoletti et al.: EDU Effects on Tree Growth TheScientificWorldJOURNAL EDU Symptomatic 8.0 ± 1.8 2.5 ± 2.5 -6.2 ± 2.3 -7.9 ± 1.7 17.5 ± 8.8 11.1 ± 2.7 EDU Asymptomatic 2.0 ± 0.8 1.1 ± 1.0 1.8 ± 0.9 2.8 ± 2.5 17.5 ± 5.5 15.3 ± 0.2 WATER Symptomatic 5.1 ± 2.7 0 -7.7 ± 1.0 -10.6 ± 1.9 6.7 ± 1.2 6.0 ± 2.0 WATER Asymptomatic 1.0 ± 0.9 2.4 ± 4.0 -2.8 ± 3.5 -6.9 ± 2.4 7.7 ± 4.4 4.6 ± 2. Paoletti et al.: EDU Effects on Tree Growth TheScientificWorldJOURNAL DISCUSSION EDU enhanced shoot length and diameter, and reduced leaf abscission. The stimulating effect of EDU on shoot growth did not translate into a stimulation of growth at the fine root and whole tree level, during one growing season. Overall, EDU effects were slight, and not enough to significantly affect the total leaf biomass. Increased growth in the EDU-treated plants over the non-EDU-treated ones has been reported in several species (Phaseolus vulgaris[18] Symptomatic trees did not show a marked reduction in growth compared to the asymptomatic trees. At the shoot level, we recorded a stimulation of leaf abscission. Part of the photosynthate may have been used to prevent or repair foliar damage rather than going toward growth In conclusion, gravitational infusion of EDU resulted in stimulation of shoot growth in both O 3 -sensitive and tolerant ash trees exposed to elevated ambient O 3 concentrations (32.5 ppm h AOT40). Ainsworth et al

New insights into SARS-CoV-2 Lumipulse G salivary antigen testing: accuracy, safety and short TAT enhance surveillance

Objectives The rapid, accurate and safe detection of SARS-CoV-2 is the key to improving surveillance and infection containment. The aim of the present study was to ascertain whether, after heat/chemical inactivation, SARS-CoV-2 N antigen chemiluminescence (CLEIA) assay in saliva remains a valid alternative to molecular testing. Methods In 2022, 139 COVID-19 inpatients and 467 healthcare workers were enrolled. In 606 self-collected saliva samples (Salivette), SARS-CoV-2 was detected by molecular (TaqPath rRT-PCR) and chemiluminescent Ag assays (Lumipulse G). The effect of sample pre-treatment (extraction solution-ES or heating) on antigen recovery was verified. Results Salivary SARS-CoV-2 antigen assay was highly accurate (AUC=0.959, 95% CI: 0.943-0.974), with 90% sensitivity and 92% specificity. Of the 254 antigen positive samples, 29 were false positives. We demonstrated that heterophilic antibodies could be a cause of false positive results. A significant antigen concentration decrease was observed after ES treatment (p=0.0026), with misclassification of 43 samples. Heat had a minimal impact, after treatment the correct classification of cases was maintained. Conclusions CLEIA SARS-CoV-2 salivary antigen provides accurate, timely and high-throughput results that remain accurate also after heat inactivation, thus ensuring a safer work environment. This supports the use of salivary antigen detection by CLEIA in surveillance programs

Complications arising from a misdiagnosed giant lipoma of the hand and palm: a case report

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Introduction</p> <p>Lipomas are benign tumors which may appear in almost any human organ. Their diagnosis rate in the hand region is not known.</p> <p>Case Presentation</p> <p>We present the case of a 63-year-old Greek Caucasian woman with a giant lipoma of the hand and palm which was not initially diagnosed. After repeated surgical decompression of the carpal tunnel the patient was referred with persisting symptoms of median and ulnar nerve compression and a prominent mass of her left palm and thenar eminence. Clinical examination, magnetic resonance imaging, nerve conduction study and biopsy, revealed a giant lipoma in the deep palmar space (8.0 × 4.0 × 3.75 cm), which was also infiltrating the carpal tunnel. She had already undergone two operations for carpal tunnel syndrome with no relief of her symptoms and she also ended up with a severed flexor pollicis longus tendon. Definitive treatment was performed by marginal resection of the lipoma and restoration of the flexor pollicis longus with an intercalated graft harvested from the palmaris longus. Thirty months after surgery the patient had a fully functional hand without any neurological deficit.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>Not all lipomas of the wrist and hand are diagnosed. Our report tries to emphasize the hidden danger of lipomas in cases with carpal tunnel symptoms. The need for a high index of suspicion in conjunction with good clinical evaluation and the use of appropriate investigative studies is mandatory in order to avoid unnecessary operations and complications. Marginal excision of these tumors is restorative.</p

Forensic Clinical Anatomy of Spine in Child Abuse

Forensic Clinical Anatomy of Child Abuse includes studies of Functional and/or Biomechanical Anatomy which are performed on cadavers to verify compatibility of lesions with accidental dynamics. Moreover, some kinds of damages following Child Abuse are strictly anatomical in nature and require morphological/morphometric methods of investigation for adequate assessment. Problems of differential diagnosis between anatomical structures (normal or variant) and pathological findings also frequently arise [1]. In the present work, we focused on anatomical bases of spinal lesions in two autoptical cases of abusive head trauma, with particular reference to methodological issues. Both cases presented brain subdural haemorrhage and multiple bilateral retinal haemorrhages. In both cases, the spinal cord was sampled in continuity with the dura mater and it was subjected to complete sectioning. Spinal subdural haemorrhages were found along all the spinal levels. The histopathological characteristics of these haemorrhages also permitted to reveal different chronologies of the lesions, with consequent forensic implications. Hypoxic-ischaemic damages coexisted, mainly at the level of cervical and lumbar spinal cord, together with glio-mesodermic response. On the basis of in vivo imaging suggesting cervical sub-dislocations, portions of the vertebral column were also sampled and subjected to postmortem imaging before further hystopathological sampling. In one case, postmortem imaging permitted to confirm anterolisthesis of the second vertebral body over the third one. Histopathological analysis also showed the presence of haemorrhagic infiltrations of the epidural adipose tissue at the level of the atlanto-axial joints. A consistent methodology of analysis of the spinal structures should involve integration of postmortem imaging with detailed and exhaustive histopathological study