Rapport Werner (texte final)

En calidad de Primer Ministro de Luxemburgo, en 1970, Pierre Werner presenta al Consejo y a la Comisión un informe que recoge las bases del camino hacia la Unión Económica y Monetaria. El documento, bautizado como "Plan Werner" establece una unión en tres fases: Convertibilidad irreversible de las monedas comunitarias Centralización de la política monetaria y crediticia Puesta en circulación de una moneda común

La mise à l'écart des étrangers. (2/2)

The in-depth study of consular instructions and practices reveals certain contradictions. They oscillate between an increasing freedom of movement and Kafkaesque situations generating arbitrary decisions and reinforcing the frustrations of those who are deprived of the right to travel. Indeed, the latter are often considered too poor or part of a group placed under suspicion in the name of the fight against terrorism or migratory risk. This issue shows clearly a new bipolarity between the rich and the unwanted. The analysis of mutual distrust between European states, who are unable to agree on how to manage what they are afraid of, also shows how non-specified enemies are designated among these unwanted. These perceived enemies are no longer limited to States, but also individuals or suspected minorities. Ce second volume présente des contributions sur la politique européenne des visas de cours séjour, sur la mise en oeuvre de Shengen pour la délivrance des visas en Bulgarie, sur les garanties financières exigées pour les demandeurs indiens, sur les refus de délivrance de visas fondés sur une inscription au Système Information Shengen

Tracheotomy in the intensive care unit: guidelines from a French expert panel

Abstract Tracheotomy is widely used in intensive care units, albeit with great disparities between medical teams in terms of frequency and modality. Indications and techniques are, however, associated with variable levels of evidence based on inhomogeneous or even contradictory literature. Our aim was to conduct a systematic analysis of the published data in order to provide guidelines. We present herein recommendations for the use of tracheotomy in adult critically ill patients developed using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) method. These guidelines were conducted by a group of experts from the French Intensive Care Society (Société de Réanimation de Langue Française) and the French Society of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine (Société Francaise d’Anesthésie Réanimation) with the participation of the French Emergency Medicine Association (Société Française de Médecine d’Urgence), the French Society of Otorhinolaryngology. Sixteen experts and two coordinators agreed to consider questions concerning tracheotomy and its practical implementation. Five topics were defined: indications and contraindications for tracheotomy in intensive care, tracheotomy techniques in intensive care, modalities of tracheotomy in intensive care, management of patients undergoing tracheotomy in intensive care, and decannulation in intensive care. The summary made by the experts and the application of GRADE methodology led to the drawing up of 8 formal guidelines, 10 recommendations, and 3 treatment protocols. Among the 8 formal guidelines, 2 have a high level of proof (Grade 1+/−) and 6 a low level of proof (Grade 2+/−). For the 10 recommendations, GRADE methodology was not applicable and instead 10 expert opinions were produced