“Do We Really Need Hepatitis B on the Second Day of Life?” Vaccination Mandates and Shifting Representations of Hepatitis B

In the decade following hepatitis B vaccine’s 1981 approval, U.S. health officials issued evolving guidelines on who should receive the vaccine: first, gay men, injection drug users, and healthcare workers; later, hepatitis B-positive women’s children; and later still, all newborns. States laws that mandated the vaccine for all children were quietly accepted in the 1990s; in the 2000s, however, popular anti-vaccine sentiment targeted the shot as an emblem of immunization policy excesses. Shifting attitudes toward the vaccine in this period were informed by hepatitis B’s changing popular image, legible in textual and visual representations of the infection from the 1980s through the 1990s. Notably, the outbreak of AIDS, the advent of genetically engineered pharmaceuticals, and a Democratic push for health reform shaped and reshaped hepatitis B’s public image. Hepatitis B thus became, in turn, an AIDS-like scourge; proof of a new era of pharmaceuticals; a threat from which all American children had a right to be protected; and a cancer-causing infection spread by teenage lifestyles. The metamorphosis of the infection’s image was reflected in evolving policy recommendations regarding who should receive the vaccine in the 1980s, and was key to securing broad uptake of the vaccine in the 1990s

Drugs, sex, money and power: An HPV vaccine case study

In this paper we compare the experiences of seven industrialized countries in considering approval and introduction of the world's first cervical cancer-preventing vaccine. Based on case studies, articles from public agencies, professional journals and newspapers we analyse the public debate about the vaccine, examine positions of stakeholder groups and their influence on the course and outcome of this policy process. The analysis shows that the countries considered here approved the vaccine and established related immunization programs exceptionally quickly even though there still exist many uncertainties as to the vaccine's long-term effectiveness, cost-effectiveness and safety. Some countries even bypassed established decision-making processes. The voice of special interest groups has been prominent in all countries, drawing on societal values and fears of the public. Even though positions differed among countries, all seven decided to publicly fund the vaccine, illustrating a widespread convergence of interests. It is important that decision-makers adhere to transparent and robust guidelines in making funding decisions in the future to avoid capture by vested interests and potentially negative effects on access and equity. © 2009 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved

The intergenerational continuity of antisocial behavior

The proposed analysis examines the influence of parenting and parent\u27s antisocial behavior on adolescent antisocial behavior using longitudinal data from approximately two hundred intact families, a total that varied slightly depending on the gender of the target child;Data for this project was originally generated on economic hardship, family relationships, and psychological well-being as part of the Iowa Youth and Families Project (IYFP). Permission to use this data was granted by the principle investigators of the project. Structural equation modeling was used to determine the relationships between constructs across both waves;The sample was selected from a population of families living in eight, primarily agricultural, counties in North Central Iowa. Fifty-four percent of the sample lived in small communities with populations of less than 6,500 people. Twelve percent of the sample population lived in rural areas, and 34% of the sample resided on farms. Each family had a child enrolled in a public or private school in the seventh grade during the 1989 school year and a sibling within four years of age of the seventh grade child. From the list of families meeting the specified criteria, seventy-eight percent agreed to participate in this study;Data were gathered over a three year period. Wave 1 data contained information pertaining to grandparents\u27 parenting and antisocial behavior. Wave 3 data formed the indices for the observable constructs of father\u27s and mother\u27s antisocial behavior as well as the construct of father\u27s and mother\u27s parenting. The measure used as the index for the parenting construct was obtained by means of self-report data obtained from the respective parent. Wave 3 data were also used to develop the measure for adolescent antisocial behavior using target\u27s self-report of their level of delinquency and substance abuse;Findings suggest modeling is less of a factor in the development and expression of antisocial behavior than is parenting. These findings support claims that parenting and its influence on behavioral dispositions appears to be consistent across generations

Informe Jurídico de Expediente Penal N° 00589 - 2014

En el Informe Jurídico se analiza un proceso penal por delito de Robo Agravado previsto en el artículo 189° del Código Penal y tramitado con el Código de Procedimientos Penales. La denuncia fue presentada por Elvira Capcha Castañeda, quien denuncia a Ernen Isidro Tacuna, Alex Tito De la Cruz y Anderson Tacuna Veliz. La Primera Fiscalía Provincial Penal de Santa Anita formalizó denuncia contra los tres imputados en calidad de coautores. El Segundo Juzgado Penal Transitorio de Lurigancho - Chosica procedió a abrir instrucción en vía ordinaria, dictándose mandato de detención. La Fiscalía Superior Mixta Santa Anita - Lima Este acusó a los tres imputados solicitando la imposición de doce años de pena privativa de libertad. El Juicio oral se desarrolló en la Sala Penal de Apelaciones de Crimen Organizado de la Corte Superior de Justicia de Lima Este y se condenó a los tres imputados, imponiéndoles cuatro años de pena privativa de libertad. La Sentencia fue impugnada por el Ministerio Público en vía de Recurso de Nulidad por falta de motivación al momento de determinar la pena, elevándose los actuados a la Primera Sala Penal Transitoria de la Corte Suprema donde se declaró No haber Nulidad en un extremo, y Nulidad en otro, de la sentencia de primera instancia que condenó a los imputados a cuatro años de pena privativa de la libertad. El Colegiado Superior realizó una correcta determinación judicial de la pena respecto a un imputado al que se le aplicó el criterio de responsabilidad restringida (determinada en el artículo 22 del Código Penal) y declaró No Haber Nulidad, sin embargo, no ponderó de manera adecuada las circunstancias agravantes comunes de los otros dos imputados, decidiendo aumentar la dimensión cuantitativa de ese marco de la pena, lo que llevó a declarar la Nulidad en este extremo, y reformándola les impusieron ocho años de pena privativa de la libertad