Spanish participation in the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe (CSCE): contributions to the Helsinki Final Act

La convocatoria de la Conferencia para la Seguridad y la Cooperación en Europa brindó una ocasión excelente a la España franquista para poder participar en un foro multilateral destinado a promover la seguridad en Europa y la distensión entre Occidente y la Unión Soviética. La diplomacia española, pese al relativo aislamiento al que seguía sometido el país y las limitaciones que se derivaban de la naturaleza autoritaria del Régimen, trazó una estrategia negociadora que le permitió ganar visibilidad y realizar aportaciones destacadas al Acta Final, como la incorporación del texto sobre la seguridad en el Mediterráneo. Del mismo modo, logró que la redacción de los principios del Acta fuera conforme a los intereses de España y se preservaran los logros alcanzados en Naciones Unidas. Este artículo tiene por objeto estudiar, a partir del análisis de los informes redactados por la propia delegación española, las luces del trabajo que desempeñaron en Helsinki y Ginebra, pero también las sombras. Entendidas como tales las líneas rojas que el Régimen, que entraba en su recta final, marcó en el ámbito de los derechos humanos, especialmente en relación a la libre circulación e intercambio de información.The Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe announcement provided Francoist Spain an excellent opportunity to join a multilateral forum aiming to promote security in Europe as well as a détente between the West and the Soviet Union. Spanish diplomacy, despite the relative international isolation of the country and the limits derived from the authoritarian nature of the Regime, designed a negotiation strategy contributing to gaining visibility and providing valuable contributions to the Final Act, such as the incorporation of the text on Mediterranean security. They also reached a wording of the Act principles agreeable to Spain’s interest and to the progress made in United Nations. On the basis of the analysis of the Spanish delegation reports, this article studies both the lights of the work done in Helsinki and Geneva and its shades, the latter being identified with the red lines established by the Francoist Regime. In terms of human rights and especially regarding free circulation and exchange of information

Beyond containment? The first Bush administration's sceptical approach to the CSCE

This article analyses the first Bush administration's policy toward the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe (CSCE), finding that as with Soviet-American relations and US policy toward Eastern Europe, the administration diverged from the foreign policy of its predecessor. Whereas previously the CSCE had been a forum to encourage progress on human rights, promote reform in Eastern Europe, and encourage cooperation with the Soviet Union, under Bush it became a tool to manage the transformation of Europe and preserve the Atlantic alliance. This new approach was guided by uncertainty about the CSCE's usefulness as a multilateral forum, scepticism about Mikhail Gorbachev's reforms, and a preference for stability

A State of Peace in Europe

From the mid-1960s to the mid-1970s West German foreign policy underwent substantial transformations: from bilateral to multilateral, from reactive to proactive. The Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe (CSCE) was an ideal setting for this evolution, enabling the Federal Republic to take the lead early on in Western preparations for the conference and to play a decisive role in the actual East–West negotiations leading to the Helsinki Final Act of 1975. Based on extensive original research of recently released documents, spanning more than fifteen archives in eight countries, this study is a substantial contribution to scholarly discussions on the history of détente, the CSCE and West German foreign policy. The author stresses the importance of looking beyond the bipolarity of the Cold War decades and emphasizes the interconnectedness of European integration and European détente

Third party involvement process to the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict

This thesis explores the third parties involvement process in conflicts, particularly in the example of the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe (CSCE)’s involvement process in the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict. The collapse of the bipolar system and demise of the Soviet Union opened a space to the regional arrangements. In this new environment, the CSCE embarked on new efforts of the mediation of the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict. This is because the bloody conflict between Armenians and Azerbaijanis was threatening the stability and security in the European region and the CSCE was the most appropriate mediator due to its role between East-West dialogues. The chapters of this study evaluate (1) the situation between Armenians and Azerbaijanis on the ground and their arguments on this conflict, (2) the changing international system, particularly the increasing discourse on the region, regionalism and regional arrangements/organizations ideas in the 1980s and 1990s and the institutional evolution of the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe (CSCE) from a conference to a regional organization, especially in the area of hard options such as peacekeeping forces deployment or military tasks, (3) the legal framework of the regional organizations’ mediation efforts in the conflicts, the origin of their mandate and legitimacy, and (4) the first case of CSCE’s peacekeeping forces deployment in the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict and the approaches of Azerbaijan and Armenia as well as Russia and the United States to this deployment. The institutional evolution of the CSCE and the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict coincided, especially between 1988- 1994. I argue that the organization was not mature enough to deal with this conflict because it lacked of necessary hard options to deploy peacekeeping forces and force Armenia and Azerbaijan to consent its decisions

Asymmetrical bargaining in the conference on security and cooperation in Europe

Bargaining relationships in formal international conferences and negotiations may involve structural asymmetries. A comprehensive analysis of these asymmetries in bargaining may be found in a synthesis of literature from formal game theory, structural-manipulative approaches to bargaining, social psychology, and the study of political influence. Propositions based on this literature focus on two factors which are likely to contribute to asymmetrical outcomes in negotiations: unequal costs to the negotiators from the failure to agree, and unequal resources available to employ in bargaining or influence attempts. An analysis of bargaining in the section of the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe (CSCE) dealing with the issues of European security gave qualified support to these propositions. Influence over the final text in the CSCE agreement is related to a rough index of losses which would have resulted for individual nations from the failure to reach agreement in the CSCE. In addition, influence over the final text is related to each nation's resources, especially military resources. More significantly, the two superpowers exerted considerable asymmetrical influence over what was not included in the CSCE agreement, thus exercising a substantial veto. Thus, the asymmetrical outcomes within the CSCE negotiations were reflective of both differences in "threat potential,” that is, in the losses which actors would receive if no agreement had ensued, as well as differences in resource

CONSECRATION AND IDENTITY OF NATIONAL MINORITIES RIGHTS PROTECTION IN THE CONFERENCE FOR SECURITY AND COOPERATION IN EUROPE - CSCE (ORGANIZATION FOR SECURITY AND COOPERATION IN EUROPE - OSCE IN DECEMBER 1994)

Promotion and protection of European identity rights of persons belonging to nationalminorities are part of human rights protection system developed universally under the UnitedNations and, respectively, in the Regional Council of Europe, Organization for Security andCooperation in Europe and other European institutions. International instruments adopted bythe OSCE human dimension that is circumscribed, and are political in nature (so there are nottreated) contributed to a great extent, the development of catalog rights identity for peoplewho belong to national minorities, the evidence of evolution ordination mechanisms andregulations and safeguarding the rights of the category listed and, last but not least, to outlinea programmatic directions and certain standards in this field. Documents to be examined, aswell as other regulatory and industry (universal or regional) that aim at protecting minorities"does not authorize any activity that is contrary to fundamental principles of internationallaw, or other obligations under international law or provisions of the Helsinki Final Act, inparticular the principle of sovereignty and territorial integrity of states"

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Provisional Draft Resolution of the Security Councilhttps://scholarlycommons.law.case.edu/documents_780/1087/thumbnail.jp

Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty

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