Anti-corruption Strategies in Afghanistan: An Alternative Approach

© 2016, © 2016 SAGE Publications. Afghanistan is one of the most corrupt countries in the world. This article provides a critical examination of Afghan anticorruption strategies based on formal anticorruption strategy, bureaucratic reform, and counter-narcotics. This article includes reference to some of the opinions of 70 semi-structured interviews conducted by the author in Kabul during May–June 2010 with anticorruption experts, rights-based organizations, civil society groups, ministries, and international and national organizations. The findings are that political interference from Afghan elites preserves corruption and deep roots of patron–client corruption—patronage networks and illicit drug trafficking interests with criminal groups for profitable gain—are difficult to combat with the existing anticorruption strategy. Hence, new approaches need to be attempted, such as, incorporating religion and ethics and empowering local leaders to combat corruption within a sixfold approach which involves (i) raising awareness, (ii) prevention, (iii) prosecution and sanctions, (iv) detection, (v) a collaborative counter-narcotics strategy, and (vi) linking religion

Eastern Europe 1918

Title provided by cataloger.; Map created by the Inquiry for the Peace Conference. Map drawn on photostat of base map: Eastern European Ports and Waterways, pl. 7, from Philips' Mercantile Marine Atlas, published in London by G. Philip & Son, 1913.; Penciled note: "Made by Inquiry 1918-1919."; Loaned by the American Geographical Society to the Peace Conference at Versailles, 1918-1919; Map shows the proposed borders of Russia, Finland, Estonia, Lettonia [Latvia], Lithuania, Poland and Ukraine as drawn up by the Inquiry for the Peace Conference at Versailles, 1918-1919Color;1:20,000,00

Program, in French, International Sanitary Conference of Paris, France, 1903

This is an item from the William Crawford Gorgas Papers. This collection includes material created by and written about Gorgas, as well as material created by Gorgas' family members. His diaries and journals illuminate his life and work for the U.S. Army as a surgeon and span the years he worked in Cuba and Panama. The collection includes official reports and other documents Gorgas wrote and collected, as well as articles and other publications written about Gorgas and his work in sanitation and disease prevention, particularly yellow fever. Correspondence, articles, and other items document the numerous awards and tributes Gorgas received during his life and memorials after his death in 1920. In addition to William Crawford Gorgas material, the collection includes other material belonging to Gorgas family members including Marie Gorgas and their daughter, Aileen Gorgas Wrightson. In 1924, his widow Marie Gorgas published William Crawford Gorgas: His Life and Work. This collection includes manuscripts, galley proofs, and published versions of her work