THE REQUIREMENTS FOR PROTECTION OF THE COMMUNITY DESIGN

This paper aims at showing the key issues underlying the requirements for protection of the community design.According to the Council Regulation (EC) No 6/2002, a design must satisfy two main conditions to be protected by a Community design: novelty and individual character. A further consideration is the requirement of visibility, but only when it comes to register component parts of a complex product. Three main types of subject matters are excluded from protection: first, a Community design cannot relate to characteristics of the appearance of a product that are exclusively dictated by its technical function; second, the situation referred to as “must fit” and “must match” cases and, third, a design applied to or incorporated in a component part of a complex product if the component part does not remain visible during the normal use of the complex product.Also, Community designs contrary to public policy or to accepted principles of morality are excluded from protection.One special interest of the paper is the recent jurisprudence of the community design courts in this field. A core element of the protection system is the role of the community court’s jurisdiction in matters of community design. These are courts of Member States that have been designated by them as community courts, which have exclusive jurisdiction to decide on cases of breaches of rights of community designs. The evolving and contradictory decisions of the national instances implies that with respect to the evolution of a homogeneous case law on unified Community industrial property, the European Court of Justice has had and still has to fulfil its exclusive mission of informing national courts as to the direction, in which European Union law is to develop

Rural mobilization in southern Peru, 1900-1962 : the case of La Convención

The purpose of this thesis is to study the conditions that promoted mobilization against established authority. The analysis of rural mobilization distinguishes from among longitudinal and immediate conditions, the mobilization process itself and the role of the state. The concept of articulation of modes of production examines the processes of rural transformation by following the changing nature of land ownership and patron-client relations. The evolving patterns of class opposition and alliance reflected directly the state of articulation of capitalist and pre-capitalist modes of production and the process of class formation in the southern Peruvian highlands over the course of the late eighteenth to the mid-twentieth centuries

Controlling Legionella pneumophila in Showerheads: Combination of Remedial Intervention and Preventative Flushing

RÉSUMÉ: Shock chlorination and remedial flushing are suggested to address Legionella pneumophila (Lp) contamination in buildings or during their (re)commissioning. However, data on general microbial measurements (adenosine tri-phosphate [ATP], total cell counts [TCC]), and the abundance of Lp are lacking to support their temporary implementation with variable water demands. In this study, the weekly short-term (3-week) impact of shock chlorination (20–25 mg/L free chlorine, 16 h) or remedial flushing (5-min flush) combined with distinct flushing regimes (daily, weekly, stagnant) was investigated in duplicates of showerheads in two shower systems. Results showed that the combination of stagnation and shock chlorination prompted biomass regrowth, with ATP and TCC in the first draws reaching large regrowth factors of 4.31–7.07-fold and 3.51–5.68-fold, respectively, from baseline values. Contrastingly, remedial flushing followed by stagnation generally resulted in complete or larger regrowth in Lp culturability and gene copies (gc). Irrespective of the intervention, daily flushed showerheads resulted in significantly (p < 0.05) lower ATP and TCC, as well as lower Lp concentrations than weekly flushes, in general. Nonetheless, Lp persisted at concentrations ranging from 11 to 223 as the most probable number per liter (MPN/L) and in the same order of magnitude (103–104 gc/L) than baseline values after remedial flushing, despite daily/weekly flushing, unlike shock chlorination which suppressed Lp culturability (down 3-log) for two weeks and gene copies by 1-log. This study provides insights on the most optimal short-term combination of remedial and preventative strategies that can be considered pending the implementation of suitable engineering controls or building-wide treatment

Impact of recommissioning flushing on Legionella pneumophila in a large building during the COVID-19 pandemic

ABSTRACT: COVID-19 shutdowns drastically increased the frequency and duration of water stagnation events in building plumbing systems, urging local authorities to issue guidance for the safe reopening of buildings mostly by recommissioning flushing. The objectives of this study were to document the dynamic changes of bacterial indicators [adenosine triphosphate (ATP), total and intact cell counts (TCC, ICC)] and the prevalence of Legionella pneumophila (Lp) in 20–21 showerheads in a large building before (16-week building closure) and then shortly (24 h) and monthly (4-week of distal water stagnation) after targeted recommissioning flushing. Following the 16-week shutdown, the highest mean of ATP (10 pg ATP/mL), TCC (1.7 × 106 count/mL) and ICC (5.2 × 105 count/mL) were measured in first draw samples. This bacterial amplification was mostly attributable to detachment from biofilm present in the distal devices and immediate connecting piping. Culture-based (mean of 4 487 MPN/L) and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR; mean of 63 822 gu/L) concentrations of Lp were respectively measured in 81 and 90% of first draw samples. Individual flushing of showerheads for 5 min resulted in 1.2–278-fold decreases in ATP, whereas TCC and ICC were lowered by 1.1- and 0.7-log on average. A one-log reduction in culture-based and qPCR Lp was only achieved in 63 and 29% of paired water samples, resulting in less than one-log reduction in mean risk values per exposure, thus demonstrating the limited effects of fixture-flushing for risk reduction. Clear short-term (24 h) benefits of device recommissioning flushing included lowered values of all bacterial indicators and Lp levels systematically under the common alert threshold of 1 000 MPN/L in first draws. However, after a period of 1 month without water use, these benefits were mostly lost with considerable rebounds of concentrations to similar levels than those measured following the 16-week building closure. Results highlight the temporary benefits of device recommissioning flushing for the control of Lp in shower systems, especially in buildings colonized by Legionella

EurOP2E – the European Open Platform for Prescribing Education, a consensus study among clinical pharmacology and therapeutics teachers

Purpose Sharing and developing digital educational resources and open educational resources has been proposed as a way to harmonize and improve clinical pharmacology and therapeutics (CPT) education in European medical schools. Previous research, however, has shown that there are barriers to the adoption and implementation of open educational resources. The aim of this study was to determine perceived opportunities and barriers to the use and creation of open educational resources among European CPT teachers and possible solutions for these barriers. Methods CPT teachers of British and EU medical schools completed an online survey. Opportunities and challenges were identified by thematic analyses and subsequently discussed in an international consensus meeting. Results Data from 99 CPT teachers from 95 medical schools were analysed. Thirty teachers (30.3%) shared or collaboratively produced digital educational resources. All teachers foresaw opportunities in the more active use of open educational resources, including improving the quality of their teaching. The challenges reported were language barriers, local differences, lack of time, technological issues, difficulties with quality management, and copyright restrictions. Practical solutions for these challenges were discussed and include a peer review system, clear indexing, and use of copyright licenses that permit adaptation of resources. Conclusion Key challenges to making greater use of CPT open educational resources are a limited applicability of such resources due to language and local differences and quality concerns. These challenges may be resolved by relatively simple measures, such as allowing adaptation and translation of resources and a peer review system

Key Learning Outcomes for Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics Education in Europe: A Modified Delphi Study.

Harmonizing clinical pharmacology and therapeutics (CPT) education in Europe is necessary to ensure that the prescribing competency of future doctors is of a uniform high standard. As there are currently no uniform requirements, our aim was to achieve consensus on key learning outcomes for undergraduate CPT education in Europe. We used a modified Delphi method consisting of three questionnaire rounds and a panel meeting. A total of 129 experts from 27 European countries were asked to rate 307 learning outcomes. In all, 92 experts (71%) completed all three questionnaire rounds, and 33 experts (26%) attended the meeting. 232 learning outcomes from the original list, 15 newly suggested and 5 rephrased outcomes were included. These 252 learning outcomes should be included in undergraduate CPT curricula to ensure that European graduates are able to prescribe safely and effectively. We provide a blueprint of a European core curriculum describing when and how the learning outcomes might be acquired

Analysis of improving the quality of the educational process at the State agrarian university of Moldova (SAUM)

Moldova is considered the poorest country in the European continent. The most important sector of the national economy in Moldova is still agricultural sector. 75 % of the population of Moldova live in rural areas and their livelihood depends on agriculture. Yet, agriculture in Moldova is the least developed among European countries and it faces major problems. Because of these reasons, with the entrance of Romania into the European Union, Moldova became a neighboring countrz and EU countries get more interested in international cooperation with Moldova. Through developing the quality of higher agricultural education in Moldova the improvement of unfavorable situation of Moldavian agriculture could be reached. Thanks to transfers of knowledge, know-how and better preparation of agricultural experts can be significantly improved the competitiveness of country's agriculture within european market. In Republic of Moldova were held projects dealing with development of education. This work analyze the improvement of the quality of the educational process at State Agrarian University in Chisinau. The research of thesis was aimed to teachers of university, who passed courses of pedagogical qualification. The results show that Czech courses lacked direct stays in the Czech agricultural universities and other agricultural institutions and more practical lessons rather than theoretical were needed. Neverthless, profesors consider Czech courses of pedagogical qualification in the framework of implemented Czech projects as very beneficial and effective and their realiazation should continue at SAUM

Om şi natură

Bucureşti : Casa Şcoalelor, 1937. - 224 p. ; 21 cm. - (Geografie pentru toţi

CASE LAW OF THE COURT OF JUSTICE OF EUROPEAN UNION: A VISIT TO THE WINE CELLAR

`It must be observed that a quality wine is a very specific product. Its particular qualities and characteristics, which result from a combination of natural and human factors, are linked to its geographical area of origin and vigilance must be exercised and efforts made in order for them to be maintained. (Court of Justice of European Union, Rioja Wine Judgement)`1 The present paper will consider some of the most relevant judgements of the Court of Justice of European Union regarding wine. Coincidentally or not many of this cases are also landmark decisions of the European Union law. The purpose of this paper is to present the variety of European Union law areas enriched through the Court wine judgments: intellectual property, free movement of goods, fiscal barrier to trade, EU legal order, fundamental rights, public health and external relations. Surveying the wine jurisprudence of the Court of Justice of European Union resembles a wine testing. One can sense the savours rich bouquet that the case law express, on strong cultural choices, policies, lifestyle or identity at national and European level